Juvenile Final Exam 2023 with complete solution
Kent v. United states (1966)
Juveniles have the right to counsel at a hearing at which a juvenile judge could waive
jurisdiction and pass the case to the adult court
-Advanced due process for children facing waivers. Supreme court went beyond
examining the good intentions of the juvenile court and so it also reviewed performance
in juvenile courts. Appealed on basis of invalid waiver. Gave juveniles rights to be "fair"
and only applies during judicial waiver hearing.
In Re Winship (1970)
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is necessary for conviction in juvenile proceedings
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
It is not the constitutional right of juveniles facing delinquency proceedings to have a
jury trial upon their request, but some states permit them. About ¼ of states have
legislative provisions for jury trials.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Criminal courts provide counsel to defendants facing felony prosecutions (promise of
counsel)
Arizona v. Grant (2009)
Case placed specific limitations on police searches of a suspects vehicle. Limited police
ability to search a vehicle for evidence
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Police interrogations of suspects in custody are subject to constitutional limitations
Fare v. Michael C. and California v. Prysock
Supreme court has attempted to clarify children's rights when a they are interrogated by
the police.
- These cases make it seem indisputable that juveniles are at least entitled to receive
the same Miranda rights as adults.
Breed v. Jones (1975)
The Supreme Court declared that the child was to be granted the protection of the
double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment after he was tried as a delinquent in the
juvenile court: once tried a delinquent, no longer can be an adult.
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
Repealed death penalty sentences for all juveniles un the US
Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988)
Supreme court prohibited the execution of persons under 16 but left open the age at
which execution would be legally appropriate
Wilkins v. Missouri and Sanford v. Kentucky (1989)
Ruled that states were free to impose the death penalty for murderers who committed
their crimes after they reached 16 or 17.
Graham v. Florida (2010)
Repealed life sentences without the possibility of parol for juveniles convicted of non-
homicide crimes
Davis v. Alaska (1974)
This case put further limits on the juveniles right to privacy in court proceedings
Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. District Court and Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co.
,These cases set out to produce a greater balance between individual privacy and
freedom of the press in juvenile court proceedings.
Ralston v. Robinson (1981)
This case placed limits on the right to treatment for juvenile offenders
New Jersey v. TLO (1984)
Educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe
the students have violated the law or broken school rules. (not really any probable
cause, can search locker if child broke a rule)
Veronica School District 471 v. Acton (1995)
Legal to use suspicionless drug testing for all students in interscholastic sports.
delinquency control or delinquency repression
involves any justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future
delinquent act
Delinquency prevention
involves any non justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a
future delinquent act
experimental group
the group in an experiment that receives a prevention program
Control group
A comparison group of subjects that does not receive a prevention program
House of Refuge
A care facility developed by the child savers to protect potential criminal youths by
taking them off the street and providing a family-like environment
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
Unit in the U.S. Department of Justice established by the Omnibus Crime Control and
Safe Streets Act of 1968 to administer grants and provide guidance for crime prevention
policy and programs.
Juvenile Justice Process
under the paternal (parens patriae) philosophy, juvenile justice procedures are informal
and non-adversarial, invoked for the juvenile offender rather than against him or her; a
petition instead of a complaint is filed; courts make findings of involvement or
adjudication of delinquency instead of convictions; and juvenile offenders receive
dispositions instead of sentences
Detention Hearing
A hearing by a judicial officer of a juvenile court to determine whether a juvenile is to be
detained or released while proceedings are pending in the case.
Adjudicatory Hearing
The fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is
sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition
Dispositions
For juvenile offenders, the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders; however,
juvenile dispositions should be more rehabilitative that retributive
Petition
The document filed with a juvenile court alleging that the juvenile is a delinquent,
dependent, or a status offender asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the
juvenile
, Teen courts
Courts that make use of peer juries to decide non-serious delinquency cases.
Drug courts
courts whose focus is providing treatment for youths accused of drug-related acts
Pledge system
Early English system in which neighbors protected each other from thieves and warring
groups.
Watch system
Replaced the pledge system in England; watchmen patrolled urban areas at night to
provide protection from harm.
Community policing
police strategy that emphasizes reducing fear, organizing the community, and
maintaining order rather than fighting crime
Role conflicts
Conflicts police officers face that revolve around the requirement to perform their
primary duty of law enforcement and a desire to aid in rehabilitating youthful offenders
Discretion
The use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the
criminal justice system, such as deciding whether to make an arrest or when to accept a
plea bargain
Procedural Justice
An evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's problem or dispute
was handled by police
Broken Window policing
Drawing on broken windows theory developed by Wilson and Kelling, police target
disorderly behaviors and conditions in an effort to prevent the onset of more serious
crimes
Guardian and Litim
A court-appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the
child's welfare
Detention
The temporary care of a child alleged to be a delinquent or status offender who requires
secure custody in physically restricting facilities pending court disposition or execution
of a court order.
Shelter Care
A place for temporary care of children in physically un-restricting facilities
Preventive detention
Keeping the accused in custody prior to trial because the accused is suspected of being
a danger to the community
Consent Decree
A court order authorizing disposition of a case without a formal label of delinquency
Diversion
Official halting or suspending of a formal criminal or juvenile justice proceeding at any
legally prescribed processing point after recording justice system entry, and referral of
that person to a treatment or care program of a recommendation that the person be
released
Kent v. United states (1966)
Juveniles have the right to counsel at a hearing at which a juvenile judge could waive
jurisdiction and pass the case to the adult court
-Advanced due process for children facing waivers. Supreme court went beyond
examining the good intentions of the juvenile court and so it also reviewed performance
in juvenile courts. Appealed on basis of invalid waiver. Gave juveniles rights to be "fair"
and only applies during judicial waiver hearing.
In Re Winship (1970)
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is necessary for conviction in juvenile proceedings
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
It is not the constitutional right of juveniles facing delinquency proceedings to have a
jury trial upon their request, but some states permit them. About ¼ of states have
legislative provisions for jury trials.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Criminal courts provide counsel to defendants facing felony prosecutions (promise of
counsel)
Arizona v. Grant (2009)
Case placed specific limitations on police searches of a suspects vehicle. Limited police
ability to search a vehicle for evidence
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Police interrogations of suspects in custody are subject to constitutional limitations
Fare v. Michael C. and California v. Prysock
Supreme court has attempted to clarify children's rights when a they are interrogated by
the police.
- These cases make it seem indisputable that juveniles are at least entitled to receive
the same Miranda rights as adults.
Breed v. Jones (1975)
The Supreme Court declared that the child was to be granted the protection of the
double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment after he was tried as a delinquent in the
juvenile court: once tried a delinquent, no longer can be an adult.
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
Repealed death penalty sentences for all juveniles un the US
Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988)
Supreme court prohibited the execution of persons under 16 but left open the age at
which execution would be legally appropriate
Wilkins v. Missouri and Sanford v. Kentucky (1989)
Ruled that states were free to impose the death penalty for murderers who committed
their crimes after they reached 16 or 17.
Graham v. Florida (2010)
Repealed life sentences without the possibility of parol for juveniles convicted of non-
homicide crimes
Davis v. Alaska (1974)
This case put further limits on the juveniles right to privacy in court proceedings
Oklahoma Publishing Co. v. District Court and Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co.
,These cases set out to produce a greater balance between individual privacy and
freedom of the press in juvenile court proceedings.
Ralston v. Robinson (1981)
This case placed limits on the right to treatment for juvenile offenders
New Jersey v. TLO (1984)
Educators can legally search students when there are reasonable grounds to believe
the students have violated the law or broken school rules. (not really any probable
cause, can search locker if child broke a rule)
Veronica School District 471 v. Acton (1995)
Legal to use suspicionless drug testing for all students in interscholastic sports.
delinquency control or delinquency repression
involves any justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a future
delinquent act
Delinquency prevention
involves any non justice program or policy designed to prevent the occurrence of a
future delinquent act
experimental group
the group in an experiment that receives a prevention program
Control group
A comparison group of subjects that does not receive a prevention program
House of Refuge
A care facility developed by the child savers to protect potential criminal youths by
taking them off the street and providing a family-like environment
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
Unit in the U.S. Department of Justice established by the Omnibus Crime Control and
Safe Streets Act of 1968 to administer grants and provide guidance for crime prevention
policy and programs.
Juvenile Justice Process
under the paternal (parens patriae) philosophy, juvenile justice procedures are informal
and non-adversarial, invoked for the juvenile offender rather than against him or her; a
petition instead of a complaint is filed; courts make findings of involvement or
adjudication of delinquency instead of convictions; and juvenile offenders receive
dispositions instead of sentences
Detention Hearing
A hearing by a judicial officer of a juvenile court to determine whether a juvenile is to be
detained or released while proceedings are pending in the case.
Adjudicatory Hearing
The fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is
sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition
Dispositions
For juvenile offenders, the equivalent of sentencing for adult offenders; however,
juvenile dispositions should be more rehabilitative that retributive
Petition
The document filed with a juvenile court alleging that the juvenile is a delinquent,
dependent, or a status offender asking that the court assume jurisdiction over the
juvenile
, Teen courts
Courts that make use of peer juries to decide non-serious delinquency cases.
Drug courts
courts whose focus is providing treatment for youths accused of drug-related acts
Pledge system
Early English system in which neighbors protected each other from thieves and warring
groups.
Watch system
Replaced the pledge system in England; watchmen patrolled urban areas at night to
provide protection from harm.
Community policing
police strategy that emphasizes reducing fear, organizing the community, and
maintaining order rather than fighting crime
Role conflicts
Conflicts police officers face that revolve around the requirement to perform their
primary duty of law enforcement and a desire to aid in rehabilitating youthful offenders
Discretion
The use of personal decision making and choice in carrying out operations in the
criminal justice system, such as deciding whether to make an arrest or when to accept a
plea bargain
Procedural Justice
An evaluation of the fairness of the manner in which an offender's problem or dispute
was handled by police
Broken Window policing
Drawing on broken windows theory developed by Wilson and Kelling, police target
disorderly behaviors and conditions in an effort to prevent the onset of more serious
crimes
Guardian and Litim
A court-appointed attorney who protects the interests of the child in cases involving the
child's welfare
Detention
The temporary care of a child alleged to be a delinquent or status offender who requires
secure custody in physically restricting facilities pending court disposition or execution
of a court order.
Shelter Care
A place for temporary care of children in physically un-restricting facilities
Preventive detention
Keeping the accused in custody prior to trial because the accused is suspected of being
a danger to the community
Consent Decree
A court order authorizing disposition of a case without a formal label of delinquency
Diversion
Official halting or suspending of a formal criminal or juvenile justice proceeding at any
legally prescribed processing point after recording justice system entry, and referral of
that person to a treatment or care program of a recommendation that the person be
released
