NETWORK COMPUTING – MODULE 1
MODULE 1
HYPER TEXT MARK-UP LANGUAGE (HTML)
Hyper Text Mark-up Language (HTML) is a language used to develop web
pages. HTML dictates all of the presentation details of text such as font style, size, colour
etc. HTML is a language interpreted by the browser. Web pages are also called HTML
documents. HTML is a set of special codes that can be embedded in text to add
formatting and linking information. HTML is specified as TAGS in an HTML document.
HTML Tags
Tags are instructions that are embedded directly into the text of the document. An
HTML tag is a signal to the browser that it should do something other than just throw text
up on the screen. By convention all HTML tags begins with an open angle bracket (<)
and end with a close angle bracket (>). All tags use the < and > (less-than and greater-
than symbols) to signal the browser. Tags are used to specify categories of content.
HTML tags can be of two types:
Paired Tags
A tag is said to be paired if it, along with a companion tag, flanks the text. For
example the <B> tag is a paired tag. The <B> tag with its companion tag </B> causes the
text contained between them to be rendered in bold. The effect of all paired tags applied
only to the text they contain. In paired tags the first tag is called opening tag and the
second tag is called closing tag. The opening tag activates the effect and the closing tag
turns the effect off.
Singular Tags
A singular tag does not have any companion tag. It is also called stand-alone tag.
For example <BR> tag will insert a line break.
Attributes of Tag
, NETWORK COMPUTING – MODULE 1
Additional information supplied to an HTML tag is called Attribute of a tag.
Attributes are written immediately following the tag, separated by a space. Multiple
attributes can be associated with a tag, also separated by a space. Attributes always come
in name/value pairs.
Syntax:- name="value"
Attributes are always specified in the start tag of an HTML element.
Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most
common, but single style quotes are also allowed. In exceptional cases where the attribute
value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:
name='Anna "Maria" Thomas'
Basic HTML Tags for Font & Paragraph formatting
Every HTML program has a rigid structure. The entire web page is enclosed within
<HTML></HTML> tags. Within these tags two distinct sections are created using
the<HEAD> </HEAD> tags and the <BODY></BODY> tags.
Document Head
Information placed in this section is essential to the inner workings of the document and
has nothing to do with the content of the document. With the exception of information
contained within the <TITLE>…..</TITLE> tags, all information placed within
the<HEAD>……</HEAD>tags is not displayed in the browser.
Document body
The tags used to indicate the start and the end of the main body of textual information
are:
<BODY>…..</BODY>.
Page defaults like background colour, text colour, font size and font weight and so on can
be specified as attributes of the <BODY> tag.
Backgrounds
, NETWORK COMPUTING – MODULE 1
The <body> tag has two attributes where you can specify backgrounds. The background
can be a color or an image.
Bgcolor
The bgcolor attribute specifies a background-color for an HTML page. The value of this
attribute can be a hexadecimal number, an RGB value, or a color name:
Syntax:
<body bgcolor ="colorname/value">
Example:
<body bgcolor="#000000">
<body bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)">
<body bgcolor="black">
The various methods that set the background-color black.
Background
The background attribute specifies a background-image for an HTML page. The value of
this attribute is the URL of the image you want to use. If the image is smaller than the
browser window, the image will repeat itself until it fills the entire browser window.
Syntax:
<body background="url">
Example:
<body background="paper.gif">
<body background="D:/Pictures/clouds.gif">
The URL can be relative (as in the first line above) or absolute (as in the second line
above).
, NETWORK COMPUTING – MODULE 1
Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest heading. <h6>
defines the smallest heading.
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
Output: This is a heading
<h6>This is a heading</h6>
Output: This is a heading
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading.
Titles and Footers
Title
Title describes the main content of the page. Text included between the
<title>……</title> tag shows up in the title bar of the browser window.
Footer
Footer places some common information at the foot of the page. Copyright information,
contact details of the creator is commonly placed at the foot of the Web page. It should be
placed immediately after the last line of the textual material of the web page. The text
typed within these tags always appears in Italics.
Syntax:
<address>………</address>
Example:
<body>
<address>This is a footer</address>
</body>
Text Formatting
MODULE 1
HYPER TEXT MARK-UP LANGUAGE (HTML)
Hyper Text Mark-up Language (HTML) is a language used to develop web
pages. HTML dictates all of the presentation details of text such as font style, size, colour
etc. HTML is a language interpreted by the browser. Web pages are also called HTML
documents. HTML is a set of special codes that can be embedded in text to add
formatting and linking information. HTML is specified as TAGS in an HTML document.
HTML Tags
Tags are instructions that are embedded directly into the text of the document. An
HTML tag is a signal to the browser that it should do something other than just throw text
up on the screen. By convention all HTML tags begins with an open angle bracket (<)
and end with a close angle bracket (>). All tags use the < and > (less-than and greater-
than symbols) to signal the browser. Tags are used to specify categories of content.
HTML tags can be of two types:
Paired Tags
A tag is said to be paired if it, along with a companion tag, flanks the text. For
example the <B> tag is a paired tag. The <B> tag with its companion tag </B> causes the
text contained between them to be rendered in bold. The effect of all paired tags applied
only to the text they contain. In paired tags the first tag is called opening tag and the
second tag is called closing tag. The opening tag activates the effect and the closing tag
turns the effect off.
Singular Tags
A singular tag does not have any companion tag. It is also called stand-alone tag.
For example <BR> tag will insert a line break.
Attributes of Tag
, NETWORK COMPUTING – MODULE 1
Additional information supplied to an HTML tag is called Attribute of a tag.
Attributes are written immediately following the tag, separated by a space. Multiple
attributes can be associated with a tag, also separated by a space. Attributes always come
in name/value pairs.
Syntax:- name="value"
Attributes are always specified in the start tag of an HTML element.
Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most
common, but single style quotes are also allowed. In exceptional cases where the attribute
value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:
name='Anna "Maria" Thomas'
Basic HTML Tags for Font & Paragraph formatting
Every HTML program has a rigid structure. The entire web page is enclosed within
<HTML></HTML> tags. Within these tags two distinct sections are created using
the<HEAD> </HEAD> tags and the <BODY></BODY> tags.
Document Head
Information placed in this section is essential to the inner workings of the document and
has nothing to do with the content of the document. With the exception of information
contained within the <TITLE>…..</TITLE> tags, all information placed within
the<HEAD>……</HEAD>tags is not displayed in the browser.
Document body
The tags used to indicate the start and the end of the main body of textual information
are:
<BODY>…..</BODY>.
Page defaults like background colour, text colour, font size and font weight and so on can
be specified as attributes of the <BODY> tag.
Backgrounds
, NETWORK COMPUTING – MODULE 1
The <body> tag has two attributes where you can specify backgrounds. The background
can be a color or an image.
Bgcolor
The bgcolor attribute specifies a background-color for an HTML page. The value of this
attribute can be a hexadecimal number, an RGB value, or a color name:
Syntax:
<body bgcolor ="colorname/value">
Example:
<body bgcolor="#000000">
<body bgcolor="rgb(0,0,0)">
<body bgcolor="black">
The various methods that set the background-color black.
Background
The background attribute specifies a background-image for an HTML page. The value of
this attribute is the URL of the image you want to use. If the image is smaller than the
browser window, the image will repeat itself until it fills the entire browser window.
Syntax:
<body background="url">
Example:
<body background="paper.gif">
<body background="D:/Pictures/clouds.gif">
The URL can be relative (as in the first line above) or absolute (as in the second line
above).
, NETWORK COMPUTING – MODULE 1
Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest heading. <h6>
defines the smallest heading.
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
Output: This is a heading
<h6>This is a heading</h6>
Output: This is a heading
HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading.
Titles and Footers
Title
Title describes the main content of the page. Text included between the
<title>……</title> tag shows up in the title bar of the browser window.
Footer
Footer places some common information at the foot of the page. Copyright information,
contact details of the creator is commonly placed at the foot of the Web page. It should be
placed immediately after the last line of the textual material of the web page. The text
typed within these tags always appears in Italics.
Syntax:
<address>………</address>
Example:
<body>
<address>This is a footer</address>
</body>
Text Formatting
