Test 3 Bio 242 2023 with 100% questions and answers

Based on what you learned from oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, a 70% oxygen saturation level of the blood returning to the lungs might indicate a physical activity level higher than normal a) true b) false b) false The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? a) villi & microvilli b) the vast array of digestive enzymes c) Brunner's glands and Peyer Patches d) the haustra and epiploic appendages a)villi & microvilli Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? a) lipids b) carbohydrates c)proteins d) nucleic acids a) lipids Which of the following organs secretes intrinsic factor required for B12 absorption? a) liver b) pancreas c) stomach d) colon c) stomach Which of the following skeletal muscle(s) is needed for the normal inhalation step of breathing? a) external intercostal muscles b) diaphragm c) pectoral muscles d) a&b D external intercostal muscles and pectoral muscles The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the small and large intestines in place are called __________________ a) mesenteries b) lamina propria c) serosal lining d) mucosal lining a) mesenteries From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. a) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa b) serosa, mucosa, submucosa and muscularis externa c) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa d) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa d) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise _______. a) a low to no carb diet b) fewer, but larger meals c) eating foods that are low in fat d) a low to no protein diet c) eating foods that are low in fat The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________ a) carry toxins to the kidney for disposal through the urinary tract b) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver c) distribute hormones throughout the body d) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low b) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver All but one of the following is a function of the low pH found in the stomach. Select the description below that does not reflect a role of stomach acid. a) stomach acid denatures proteins making the polypeptide chain more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes b) many potentially harmful bacteria will be prevented entry to the small intestine by stomach acid c) the stomach's acid is needed to neutralize the alkalinity from esophagus d) Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin, preventing the protease enzyme from digesting the cells that produce it. c) the stomach's acid is needed to neutralize the alkalinity from esophagus The blood capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ___________ a) epithelial cells b) serosa c) connective tissues underlying the epithelial cells d) not enough information is provided to give an answer c) connective tissues underlying the epithelial cells Generally the hormones secretin increases ________ production and ghrelin increases ___________ production a) pepsinogen; bile b) chymotrypsin; CCK c) bicarbonate; appetite d) bile; trypsin c) bicarbonate; appetite lysozyme is found in ______ and intrinsic factor is released by______ cells a) ileum; salivary glands b) saliva; liver c) saliva; stomach d) liver; stomach c) saliva; stomach Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the _________ a) ciliated mucous lining in the nose b) abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa c) porous structure of turbinate bones (conchae) d) action of the epiglottis a) ciliated mucous lining in the nose Which of the following cell types act as the dust cells to keep the lungs sterile? a)Type 1 alveolar cells b) Type 2 alveolar cells c) Surfactant cells d) alveolar macrophages d) alveolar macrophages In emphysema a) inspiration is active only b) expiration is active only c) both inspiration and expiration are active d) neither expiration nor inspiration are active c) both inspiration and expiration are active The innermost layer of the tracheal wall is mainly made up of: a) simple columnar connective tissue cells b) ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells c) hyaline cartilage d) endothelial cells b) ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells All of the following statements are true about the epiglottis EXCEPT a) epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap at the entry of the larynx b) it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus c) is a conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue d) is covered with mucous membrane c) is a conic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue Examples of mechanical digestion include ________ a) mastication chewing by teeth b) churning of food by the stomach and small intestine c) mixing food with saliva by the tongue d) a&b e)a&b&c E) a) mastication chewing by teeth b) churning of food by the stomach and small intestine c) mixing food with saliva by the tongue Functions of the large intestine include: a) absorption of the entire chyme b) temporary food (nutrient) storage c) absorption of water and compaction of feces d) a &c e) b& c c) absorption of water and compaction of feces When the surgeon Dr. Cutter makes an incision in the small intestine, in what order would she encounter these structures? 1. Epithelium 2. submucosa 3. serosa 4. muscularis externa 5. loose CT associated with epithelium 6. muscularis mucosae a) 3, 4, 5, 6, 2, 1 b) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5 c) 1, 5, 6, 2, 4, 3 d) 5, 1, 2, 6, 4, 3 e) 3, 4, 2, 6, 5, 1 e) 3, 4, 2, 6, 5, 1 Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following? a) surface epithelial cells b) chief cells c) parietal cells d) mucous neck cells c) parietal cells The organ of the digestive system that makes CCK, GIP, and secretin: a) pancreas b)esophagus c) stomach d) small intestine e) large intestine d) small intestine GERD (gastroesophageal Reflux disease) is a digestive disorder that affects a) salivary glands in the oral cavity b) microvilli of the small intestine c) Pyloric sphincter d) lower esophageal sphincter e) none of the above d) lower esophageal sphincter A digestive organ that is not part of the alimentary canal is the a) oral cavity b) liver c) stomach d) pharynx e) small intestine b) liver All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT: a) atmospheric pressure is more than the intrapulmonary pressure in inhalation b) contractions of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm lead to a decrease in the alveolar volume c) exhalation is a passive process in a healthy lung d) all are correct b) contractions of external intercostal muscles and diaphragm lead to a decrease in the alveolar volume If the atmospheric pressure in a newly-discovered planet was 100 mmHg and the planet's atmosphere was made up of 50% O2, 30% H2, 20% N2; then what would be the partial pressure of O2 in this planet? a) 0 mmHg b) 25 mmHg c) 50 mmHg d) 100 mmHg e) 250 mmHg c) 50 mmHg The function of the pulmonary surfactant is a) to reduce the surface tension b) to phagocytize small particulates c) to assist in preventing the alveoli from collapsing at the end of expiration d) a&c e) to increase the surface tension d) a&c a) to reduce the surface tension c) to assist in preventing the alveoli from collapsing at the end of expiration Intrapulmonary pressure is the __________ a) pressure within the pleural cavity b) difference between intraalvolar and intrapleural pressures c) negative pressure in the intrapleural space d) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs e) pressure difference between the atmospheric and intrapleural pressures d) pressure within the alveoli of the lungs Chymotrypsinogen is secreted by a) stomach b) liver c) large intestine d) small intestine e) pancreas e) pancreas Which of the following alveolar cell types are mobile (are not fixed in place)? a) alveolar type 1 cells b) alveolar type 2 cells c) resident macrophage cells d) a& b e) a& b&c c) resident macrophage cells Which of the following molecules is (are ) made by the stomach cells? a) ghreling b) gastrin c) CCK d) a&b e) b&c d) a&b a) ghreling b) gastrin Respiration normally requires the a) respiratory system b) muscular system c) nervous system d) all of the above e) a &b only d) all of the above a) respiratory system b) muscular system c) nervous system Air moves into the lungs because a) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure b) the volume of the lungs decreases with inspiration c) the thorax is muscular d) contraction of the diaphragm decreases the volume of thoracic cavity e) the respiratory control center initiates active squeezing of the alveoli a) the gas pressure in the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure Which of the following digestive organs possess all four types of enzymes required for breaking down carbs, fats, nucleic acids, and proteins? a)liver b) large intestine c) esophagus d) pancreas e) gallbladder d) pancreas Arrange the following structures in the correct order as air passes through them traveling from bronchi: 1) alveolar duct 2) alveolus 3) bronchiole 4) terminal bronchiole a) 2, 3, 4, 1 b) 3, 4, 1, 2 c) 3, 1, 2, 4 d) 4, 3, 1, 2 b) 3, 4, 1, 2 Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is a) less than the pressure in the atmosphere b) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere c) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere d) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure b) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere The total number of incisors teeth in an adult is a) 2 b) 8 c) 6 d) 4 e) 12 b) 8 surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by a) humidifying the air before it enters b) warming the air before it enters c) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid d) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations c) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid Which of the following(s) can affect the ventilation? a) airway resistance b) lung compliance c) lung elasticity d) all of the above d) all of the above a) airway resistance b) lung compliance c) lung elasticity Which of the choices below primarily determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? a) solubility in inorganic compounds b) partial pressure gradient c) the temperature d) molecular weight and size of the gas molecule b) partial pressure gradient This hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine a) pepsin b) amalase c) gastrin d) cholectystokinin e) secretin e) secretin A drop in blood pH stimulates the chemoreceptors to send signals to the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata in order to increase the production of CO2 molecules from tissues and their release into the blood stream a) true b) false b) false Partial pressure of CO2 molecules is 45 mmHg in the interstitial space and 40mmHg in the veins. You would predict that a) the CO2 molecules enters the tissues from the interstitial space b) CO2 molecules enters the veins from the interstitial space c) CO2 molecules enters interstitial space from the veins d) CO2 stays stagnant at where it was and not being moved around b) CO2 molecules enters the veins from the interstitial space All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT a) the external intercostal muscles contract during inhalation b) the diaphragm contracts but the external intercostal muscles relax during exhalation c) the exhalation is a passive process and does not require ATP consumption d) the inhalation is an active process and requires ATP consumption b) the diaphragm contracts but the external intercostal muscles relax during exhalation Which statement is true? a) intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure during exhalation b) exhalation can never become an active process c) lack of surfactant significantly influences respiration rate and will be fatal d) Fick's law states that the pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases in that mixture d) Fick's law states that the pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of all the gases in that mixture Which of the following conditions shift the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the right and therefore it becomes easier for the O2 molecules to be released from the RBCs a)hypothermia b) alkaline condition c) acidic condition d) a&c c) acidic condition The exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar air and blood is governed by a) gravity b) blood pressure c) diffusion d) active transport e) none of the above c) diffusion Pneumonia causes fluid buildup and inflammation of the alveolar walls. This series of events makes the air movement across the respiratory membrane a) more efficient b) less efficient c) unaffected d) known as the "rapture of the deep" e) known as the decompression sickness (bends) b) less efficient Most of the air we breathe is made up of N2, however, it is not of any concern as N2 does not diffuse into the tissue under normal atmospheric pressure of Earth a) true b) false a) true