Biology with 100% correct questions and answers

Biology the study of life 7 criteria of life order regulation energy processing growth & development reproduction response to environment evolutionary adaptation The Biosphere ecosystems communities populations organisms organs & systems tissues cells organelles molecules Reductionism studying lower level of hierarchy to better understand (going from cell to ecosystem) Emergent Properties noticing that when starting at microscopic end of hierarchy that more and more properties start showing up that make the object what it is Goal of Science? understand natural phenomena (discoveries) Goal of Technology? apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose (inventions) Charles Darwin: Natural Selection natural selection is the mechanism behind "descent with modification" Darwins Observations individuals in a population vary in their traits, more offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable, species generally suit their environment Element substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions Compound substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio 96% of the Human Body is Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen Atom smallest unit of matter that still has all elements Neutron no electrical charge (in nucleus) Proton positive charge (in nucleus) Electron negative charge Atomic Number number of protons in nucleus Mass Number (Atomic Mass) sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus (mass of nucleus) Isotopes two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons Radioactive Isotopes decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy Energy capacity to cause change or preform work Potential Energy energy that matter has because of location (electrons closer to nucleus have less energy than those further away) Covalent Bond sharing a pair of valence electrons by two atoms (count as part of each atoms valence electrons) (strongest type of bond) Electronegativity an atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond Nonpolar Covalent Bond equal sharing (split in half) Polar Covalent Bond unequal sharing, leads to partial change (3/4-1/4 split) Ionic Bond atoms transfer electrons to/from their bonding partners, after transfer both atoms have charges attraction between cation and anion Cation positively charged ion Anion negatively charged ion Hydrogen Bond forms when hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom (weakest type of bond) Van der Waals Interactions asymmetrical distribution of electrons so there will be spots that are negative charges and spots that are positive (jesus lizard) 5 steps for scientific method making observations forming hypothesis (deductive/inductive reasoning) testing hypothesis analyzing results/ draw conclusion report results Cohesion refers to the collection of hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together (holds water with water) Surface Tension measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid Adhesion attraction between different substances Moderation of Temperature by Water water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air water can insured or release a large amount of water with only a slight change in temperature Kinetic Energy energy of motion Heat measure if the total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion Temperature measure the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of molecules Calorie amount of heat required ti raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree C, 1kcal=1,000cal Specific Heat amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C Heat of Vaporization the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas Evaporative Cooling liquid evaporates and its remaining surface cools Solution liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances Solvent dissolving agent of a solution Solute substance that is dissolved Aqueous Solution one in which water is the solvent Hydration Shell when something is put in water the water molecules coat the compound Hydrophilic has an affinity for water, "water loving", ionic polar Hydrophobic deos not have an affinity for water, oils and non polar Colloid stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid, things are not completely dissolved Dispersed phase: suspended particles Continuous phase:medium of suspension Molecular Mass sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule Molarity number of moles of solute per liter of solution 1 Mole 6.02 X 10^23 molecules Hydronium Ion water molecule with an extra hydrogen molecule (H3O) Hydroxide Ion water molecule that only has one hydrogen molecule (OH) Acid any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution pH has value less than 7 Base any solution that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution pH has value greater than 7 how to determine pH of any substance pH= -log [H+] Buffers substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution Organic Compound has to have carbon and hydrogen Methane CH4 ethane C2H6 ethene C2H4 Hydrocarbons fats, have hydrocarbon components reactions that release large amounts of energy Isomer same molecular formula but different structers and properties Structural Isomer different covalent arrangements of their atoms Cis-trans Isomer same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangement Enantiomers mirror images of each other, only one is biologically active Distinctive properties of organic molecules carbon skeleton and the molecular components attached to it Functional Groups most commonly involved in chemical reactions, number and arrangement give each molecule its unique properties hydroxyl carbonyl amino sulfhydryl phosphate methyl 4 classes of large biological molecules carbohydeares, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Polymer long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks Dehydration Reaction removal of water, helps join components of a molecule Hydrolysis adding water to break up molecule Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material (sugars) Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O, glucose is the most common, serve as fuel for cells and raw material for building molecules Disaccharide 2 sugars, formed by dehydration reaction, covalent bond is called glycosidic linkage Polysaccharide many sugars, polymers of sugar, storage and structural roles Starch plant polysaccharide, storage of plants consists entirely of glucose monomers. Stores energy Glycogen animal polysaccharide, storage in animals, mainly in liver and muscle cells Cellulose found in plant cells, major components of the tough walk of plant cells, polymer of glucose similar to starch Lipids do not form polymers, hydrophobic fats phospholipids steriods Fatty Acid consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton, vary in length, number and location of double bonds Saturated fatty acid solid at room temp.,no double bonds, contribute to cardiovascular disease through plaque deposits Unsaturated fatty acid liquid at room temp., make up cell wall of every cell wall, have one or more double bonds Phospholipids 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol, fatty acid heads: hydrophilic- tails: hydrophobic, when added to water bilayer forms, major components of cell walls Steroids lipids with carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings Storage Proteins storage of amino acids Hormonal Proteins coordination of an organisms activity ex: insulin contractile and motor proteins movement Defensive proteins protect against disease ex: antibodies Transport proteins transport of substances Receptor proteins response of cell to chemical reactions structural proteins support ex: keratin enzymatic protein selective acceleration of chemical reactions Polypeptides nucleic acid polymer Primary Structure determined by inherited genetic info (DNA-RNA) Secondary Structure results from hydrogen bonds between repeating constitutes of the polypeptide backbone tertiary structure determined by interactions between R groups (side chains), HYDROPHOBIC, strong covalent bonds quaternary structure 2 or more polypeptide chains from one macromolecule Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA DNA provides? directions for its own replication, synthesis of mRNA (which controls protein synthesis) Nucleotide nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups RNA single polypeptide chains, T-U C-G DNA Double helix, T-A C-G