CHE 401 : ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
MODULE
1
INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
This module gives an introductory overview analytical chemistry and the techniques used in
analysis. It provides understanding of the fundamental principles of chemical analysis and its role
in many research areas in chemistry, biology, medicine, geology, engineering and other related
sciences. The way how quantitative analysis was done and the extent of its application is being
discussed in this module. To develop good analytical practice, the tools, techniques and chemicals
that are used in the analyses are introduced to the students.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the module, the following learning outcomes are expected to be acquired by the
students:
1. Understand the concepts and be familiar with the steps and techniques employed in
gravimetric and volumetric method of analysis.
2. Acquire skills in laboratory technique required to perform and plan chemical analysis and
systematically collect and interpret data obtained in quantitative analytical process.
CONTENT OVERVIEW
Indicative contents included the following topics:
1. Nature and role of analytical chemistry
2. Main division of analytical chemistry
3. Quantitative chemical method and analysis
4. Tools of analytical chemistry
4.1 Chemicals, apparatus and unit operations used in analytical chemistry
4.2 Using spreadsheet in analytical chemistry
4.3 Errors in chemical analyses
END OF THE MODULE TEST
The following are the assessment provided to evaluate students level of understanding after the
discussion of the modules:
Coursework (10 pts each)
1. Tools in analytical chemistry
2. Treatment of Data using Spreadsheet
1
,CHE 401 : ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Table of Contents
MODULE 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY .......................................... 3
1.1 NATURE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY................................................................. 3
1.2 MAIN DIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ................................................. 5
1.2.1 Qualitative analysis. .................................................................................................. 5
1.2.2 Qualitative analysis. .................................................................................................. 5
1.3 QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS ............................................................... 6
1.3.1 Overview of the nine steps of quantitative analysis .................................................. 6
1.4 TOOLS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY .................................................................. 10
1.4.1 Chemical, apparatus and operations of analytical chemistry. ................................. 10
1.4.2 Using spreadsheet in analytical chemistry .............................................................. 21
1.4.3 Errors in chemical analysis ........................................................................................ 23
1.5 END OF MODULE TEST ............................................................................................. 28
2
, CHE 401 : ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
MODULE 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
1.1 NATURE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Analytical chemistry is a measurement science which deals with the separation, identification and
determination of the components of the sample. It plays a vital role in the development of science.
In 1894, Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald wrote:
“Analytical chemistry, or art of recognizing different substances and determining their
constituents, takes a prominent position among the applications of science, since the questions
which it enables us to answer arise whenever chemical processes are employed for scientific or
technical purposes”.
Thus, analytical chemistry is so called a measurement science which consist of a set of
powerful ideas and methods useful in the fields of science, medicine and engineering. It is applied
throughout the industry, medicines and all sciences. The following are few examples of the
application of analytical chemistry:
1. Determination of the concentration of O2 and CO2 in millions of blood samples which are
vital in the diagnose and treat illnesses.
2. Gas emission test for the analysis of hydrocarbons, NOX’s and CO present in automobile
exhaust gases to evaluate the effectiveness of the smog-control devices
3. Quantitative measurement of nitrogen present in foods to measure the protein content and
nutritional value of food.
4. Determination of ionized calcium in blood serum to diagnose parathyroid disease in
humans.
5. Analysis of steel during its production permits adjustments in the concentration of such
elements as carbon, nickel and chromium to achieve a desired strength, hardness,
corrosion resistance and ductility of material.
6. Farmer tailor fertilization and irrigation schedules to meet changing plant needs during the
growing season, gauging these needs from quantitative analyses of the plants and the soil
for which they grow.
7. Performing immunoassay in determining antibodies or antibody related reagents in
formulating medicine for COVID-19 virus.
8. Measurement of antigen present in the body by performing polymerace chain reaction
(PCR) test to detect the presence of COVID-19 virus.
9. Quantitative measurement of potassium, calcium and sodium ions in the body fluids of
animals permits physiologist to study the role of these ions in nerves signal conduction as
well as muscle contraction and relaxation.
3
MODULE
1
INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
This module gives an introductory overview analytical chemistry and the techniques used in
analysis. It provides understanding of the fundamental principles of chemical analysis and its role
in many research areas in chemistry, biology, medicine, geology, engineering and other related
sciences. The way how quantitative analysis was done and the extent of its application is being
discussed in this module. To develop good analytical practice, the tools, techniques and chemicals
that are used in the analyses are introduced to the students.
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the module, the following learning outcomes are expected to be acquired by the
students:
1. Understand the concepts and be familiar with the steps and techniques employed in
gravimetric and volumetric method of analysis.
2. Acquire skills in laboratory technique required to perform and plan chemical analysis and
systematically collect and interpret data obtained in quantitative analytical process.
CONTENT OVERVIEW
Indicative contents included the following topics:
1. Nature and role of analytical chemistry
2. Main division of analytical chemistry
3. Quantitative chemical method and analysis
4. Tools of analytical chemistry
4.1 Chemicals, apparatus and unit operations used in analytical chemistry
4.2 Using spreadsheet in analytical chemistry
4.3 Errors in chemical analyses
END OF THE MODULE TEST
The following are the assessment provided to evaluate students level of understanding after the
discussion of the modules:
Coursework (10 pts each)
1. Tools in analytical chemistry
2. Treatment of Data using Spreadsheet
1
,CHE 401 : ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Table of Contents
MODULE 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY .......................................... 3
1.1 NATURE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY................................................................. 3
1.2 MAIN DIVISIONS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY ................................................. 5
1.2.1 Qualitative analysis. .................................................................................................. 5
1.2.2 Qualitative analysis. .................................................................................................. 5
1.3 QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF ANALYSIS ............................................................... 6
1.3.1 Overview of the nine steps of quantitative analysis .................................................. 6
1.4 TOOLS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY .................................................................. 10
1.4.1 Chemical, apparatus and operations of analytical chemistry. ................................. 10
1.4.2 Using spreadsheet in analytical chemistry .............................................................. 21
1.4.3 Errors in chemical analysis ........................................................................................ 23
1.5 END OF MODULE TEST ............................................................................................. 28
2
, CHE 401 : ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
MODULE 1. INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
1.1 NATURE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Analytical chemistry is a measurement science which deals with the separation, identification and
determination of the components of the sample. It plays a vital role in the development of science.
In 1894, Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald wrote:
“Analytical chemistry, or art of recognizing different substances and determining their
constituents, takes a prominent position among the applications of science, since the questions
which it enables us to answer arise whenever chemical processes are employed for scientific or
technical purposes”.
Thus, analytical chemistry is so called a measurement science which consist of a set of
powerful ideas and methods useful in the fields of science, medicine and engineering. It is applied
throughout the industry, medicines and all sciences. The following are few examples of the
application of analytical chemistry:
1. Determination of the concentration of O2 and CO2 in millions of blood samples which are
vital in the diagnose and treat illnesses.
2. Gas emission test for the analysis of hydrocarbons, NOX’s and CO present in automobile
exhaust gases to evaluate the effectiveness of the smog-control devices
3. Quantitative measurement of nitrogen present in foods to measure the protein content and
nutritional value of food.
4. Determination of ionized calcium in blood serum to diagnose parathyroid disease in
humans.
5. Analysis of steel during its production permits adjustments in the concentration of such
elements as carbon, nickel and chromium to achieve a desired strength, hardness,
corrosion resistance and ductility of material.
6. Farmer tailor fertilization and irrigation schedules to meet changing plant needs during the
growing season, gauging these needs from quantitative analyses of the plants and the soil
for which they grow.
7. Performing immunoassay in determining antibodies or antibody related reagents in
formulating medicine for COVID-19 virus.
8. Measurement of antigen present in the body by performing polymerace chain reaction
(PCR) test to detect the presence of COVID-19 virus.
9. Quantitative measurement of potassium, calcium and sodium ions in the body fluids of
animals permits physiologist to study the role of these ions in nerves signal conduction as
well as muscle contraction and relaxation.
3
