gcu, NSG 320, Med-Surg, Exam 1 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

Total RBC count (Males) 4.3-5.7 Total RBC count (Females 3.8-5.1 WBC count 4,000-11,000/uL Platelet count 150,000-400,000/uL Hematocrit (Hct) Males 39-50% Hematocrit (Hct) Females 35-47% Hemoglobin (Hgb) Males 13.2-17.3 g/dL Hemoglobin (Hgb) Females 11.7-15.5 g/dL Sodium (Na+) 135-145 mEq/L Potassium (K+) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Chloride (Cl-) 98-106 mEq/L Phosphate (PO4^3-) 2.4-4.4 mg/dL Magnesium (Mg^2+) 1.5-2.5 mEq/L Calcium (Ca^2+) 8.6-10.2 mg/dL Glucose 70-100 Hypernatremia cells shrink alterations to mental status, agitation, restlessness, confusion, and lethargy to coma. With ECF volume deficit: postural hypotension, tachycardia, and weakness Hyponatremia cells swell Mild: neurologic symptoms, HA, irritability, and difficulty concentrating Severe: confusion, vomiting, seizures, and even coma if it develops rapidly, neurological damage or death from brain swelling can occur Hyperkalemia fatigue, confusion, tetany, muscle cramps, parenthesis, and weakness severe: loss of muscle tone, paralysis (including resp. muscles), abdominal cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea disturbances in cardiac conduction: tall, peaked T waves loss of P waves prolonged PR interval ST segment depression widening QRS complex Hypokalemia skeletal muscle weakness, paresthesias, impairs insulin secretion (leads to hyperglycemia) severe: paralysis (leading to resp. arrest) changes in cardiac and muscle function: flattened T wave depressed ST segment presence of U wave P wave peaks QRS complex prolonged Hypercalcemia sedative, reduces excitability of muscles and nerves fatigue, lethargy, weakness, and confusion severe: hallucinations, seizures, coma, dysrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia Hypocalcemia tetany (Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign), laryngeal stridor, dysphagia, paresthesia, numbness/tingling around mouth or in the extremities cardiac effects: decreased cardiac contractility and ECG changes (prolonged QT interval - ventricular tachycardia) Hypermagnesemia inhibits ACTH hypotension, facial flushing, lethargy, urinary retention, N/V severe: DTR are lost, muscle paralysis, coma, resp. and cardiac arrest Hypomagnesemia resembles hypocalcemia neuromuscular manifestations, muscle cramps, tremors, hyperactive DTR, Chvostek's sign, and Trousseau's sign neurologic manifestations: confusion, vertigo, seizures cardiac manifestations: dysrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation Hypertonic IV solution D5W 0.45% NS or 1/2 NS (same thing) --------- ................. ................. --------- Hypotonic IV solution 3% NS --------- . . . . --------- Isotonic IV solution 0.9% NS Lactated Ringer (LR) --------- ................. ---------