Lecture one
1945 Onwards - till 2007.
Things that will come up in the Exam
1. European Cultural Policy
2. External Policy( foreign policy) - to safeguard and protect a member states interests
3. Cohesion Policy - Cohesion policy is the European Union's strategy to promote and
support the 'overall harmonious development' of its Member States and regions by
European Commission
4. Democratic Deficit - the European Parliament was created in 1979 to give more
democratic freedom to EU.
Not about the dates, about the processes that led to the date of the treaty. Eg treaties and
important, what events lead to these big events. = Its about the outcomes not specifically
the dates.
How to deal with the power relation - Widening versus Deepening?
Started of - 6 members now 27 member : Impacted massively on the functioning of the
European Union.
Southern Countries want a solution to the transnational problem of the refugee crisis.
How the European Union solve problems to solutions?
European Parliament - Directly elected by European Citizens
Council - Governments of 27 member states
Commission - Nominated by the member states
European Commision - Come forward with a proposal then the Council and parliamnet vote
for the proposal that the Commision has put forward.
Parliament - then vote for this proposal, only if the Parliament get majority then goes to council
and council have to agree or council and Parliament can make a Joint decision on if the
proposes becomes made.
Greece, Italy and Spain - want European union to act for the result of refugee crisis.
Results of European Union - actually very limited.
, European Institutions? Why we have them?
● Structure large scale communities and give them tools to function
● Rules and regulations : Institutions make sure they are properly carried out and
implemented.
1945+ concrete steps were made.
● Concrete starting point to create a Europe, “congress of Europe in The Hague (1948).
Winston Churchill in charge, and first idea of Unification of Europe.
● Notion of Sovereignty was the issue raised - how much power shall a country have and
the other countries have over you.
European Coal and Steel Community (1952) - 9 members, independent of the member
states( High Authority), Council of ministers ( 1 representative per country so 9), Assembly
(the representatives sent by the national parliaments), Court of Justice ( 7 Judges, making
sure that the laws upheld regarding to applying and the treaty).
How to deal with the enlargement of the Union from 9 member states to 27 member states?
European Parliament became created in 1979 ( Due to the Democratic deficit).
1992 - Maastricht Treaty - European Union became established.
European Institutions all have 3 modes of Institutionalising Europe : Supranationalism,
Federalists and Intergovernmentalism.
1. Supranationalism - form of international cooperation in which nation members give up
some control of affairs.
2. Federalists - powers divided and shared then decisions are made.
3. Intergovernmentalism - without giving up their sovereignty but national states
cooperate on the European level. Compromising the interests of national states.
Council of Europe is separate from the European Union - very important, has no influence in
decision making.
Between 1965 to 1992 - Only European communities existed before 1992, European Union was
created in 1992.
Before 1992 - Three different communities had existed leading up to the establishment in 1992
of the European Union.
1945 Onwards - till 2007.
Things that will come up in the Exam
1. European Cultural Policy
2. External Policy( foreign policy) - to safeguard and protect a member states interests
3. Cohesion Policy - Cohesion policy is the European Union's strategy to promote and
support the 'overall harmonious development' of its Member States and regions by
European Commission
4. Democratic Deficit - the European Parliament was created in 1979 to give more
democratic freedom to EU.
Not about the dates, about the processes that led to the date of the treaty. Eg treaties and
important, what events lead to these big events. = Its about the outcomes not specifically
the dates.
How to deal with the power relation - Widening versus Deepening?
Started of - 6 members now 27 member : Impacted massively on the functioning of the
European Union.
Southern Countries want a solution to the transnational problem of the refugee crisis.
How the European Union solve problems to solutions?
European Parliament - Directly elected by European Citizens
Council - Governments of 27 member states
Commission - Nominated by the member states
European Commision - Come forward with a proposal then the Council and parliamnet vote
for the proposal that the Commision has put forward.
Parliament - then vote for this proposal, only if the Parliament get majority then goes to council
and council have to agree or council and Parliament can make a Joint decision on if the
proposes becomes made.
Greece, Italy and Spain - want European union to act for the result of refugee crisis.
Results of European Union - actually very limited.
, European Institutions? Why we have them?
● Structure large scale communities and give them tools to function
● Rules and regulations : Institutions make sure they are properly carried out and
implemented.
1945+ concrete steps were made.
● Concrete starting point to create a Europe, “congress of Europe in The Hague (1948).
Winston Churchill in charge, and first idea of Unification of Europe.
● Notion of Sovereignty was the issue raised - how much power shall a country have and
the other countries have over you.
European Coal and Steel Community (1952) - 9 members, independent of the member
states( High Authority), Council of ministers ( 1 representative per country so 9), Assembly
(the representatives sent by the national parliaments), Court of Justice ( 7 Judges, making
sure that the laws upheld regarding to applying and the treaty).
How to deal with the enlargement of the Union from 9 member states to 27 member states?
European Parliament became created in 1979 ( Due to the Democratic deficit).
1992 - Maastricht Treaty - European Union became established.
European Institutions all have 3 modes of Institutionalising Europe : Supranationalism,
Federalists and Intergovernmentalism.
1. Supranationalism - form of international cooperation in which nation members give up
some control of affairs.
2. Federalists - powers divided and shared then decisions are made.
3. Intergovernmentalism - without giving up their sovereignty but national states
cooperate on the European level. Compromising the interests of national states.
Council of Europe is separate from the European Union - very important, has no influence in
decision making.
Between 1965 to 1992 - Only European communities existed before 1992, European Union was
created in 1992.
Before 1992 - Three different communities had existed leading up to the establishment in 1992
of the European Union.
