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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12
Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Exercise Solutions
Exercise : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 178
Q1 :
Explain in brief the role of animal husbandry in human welfare.
Answer :
Animal husbandry deals with the scientific management of livestock. It includes various aspects such as feeding,
breeding, and control diseases to raise the population of animal livestock. Animal husbandry usually includes animals
such as cattle, pig, sheep, poultry, and fish which are useful for humans in various ways. These animals are
managed for the production of commercially important products such as milk, meat, wool, egg, honey, silk, etc. The
increase in human population has increased the demand of these products. Hence, it is necessary to improve the
management of livestock scientifically.
Q2 :
If your family owned a dairy farm, what measures would you undertake to improve the quality and quantity of
milk production?
Answer :
Dairy farm management deals with processes which aim at improving the quality and quantity of milk production. Milk
production is primarily dependent on choosing improved cattle breeds, provision of proper feed for cattle, maintaining
proper shelter facilities, and regular cleaning of cattle.
Choosing improved cattle breeds is an important factor of cattle management. Hybrid cattle breeds are produced for
improved productivity. Therefore, it is essential that hybrid cattle breeds should have a combination of various
desirable genes such as high milk production and high resistance to diseases. Cattle should also be given healthy
and nutritious food consisting of roughage, fibre concentrates, and high levels of proteins and other nutrients.
Cattle's should be housed in proper cattle-houses and should be kept in well ventilated roofs to prevent them from
harsh weather conditions such as heat, cold, and rain. Regular baths and proper brushing should be ensured to
control diseases. Also, time-to-time check ups by a veterinary doctor for symptoms of various diseases should be
undertaken.
Q3 :
What is meant by the term 'breed'? What are the objectives of animal breeding?
Answer :
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A breed is a special variety of animals within a species. It is similar in most characters such as general appearance,
size, configuration, and features with other members of the same species. Jersey and Brown Swiss are examples of
foreign breeds of cattle. These two varieties of cattle have the ability to produce abundant quantities of milk. This milk
is very nutritious with high protein content.
Objectives of animal breeding:
(i) To increase the yield of animals.
(ii) To improve the desirable qualities of the animal produce.
(iii) To produce disease-resistant varieties of animals.
Q4 :
Name the methods employed in animal breeding. According to you which one of the methods is best? Why?
Answer :
Animal breeding is the method of mating closely related individuals. There are several methods employed in animals
breeding, which can be classified into the following categories:
(A) Natural methods of breeding include inbreeding and out-breeding. Breeding between animals of the same breed
is known as inbreeding, while breeding between animals of different breeds is known as out-breeding. Out-breeding
of animals is of three types:
(a). Out-crossing: In this type of out-breeding, the mating of animals occurs within the same breed. Thus, they have
no common ancestors up to the last 4-5 generations.
(b). Cross-breeding: In this type of out-breeding, the mating occurs between different breeds of the same species,
thereby producing a hybrid.
(c). Interspecific hybridization: In this type of out-breeding, the mating occurs between different species.
(B) Artificial methods of breeding include modern techniques of breeding. It involves controlled breeding experiments,
which are of two types:-
(a). Artificial insemination: It is a process of introducing the semen (collected from the male) into the oviduct or the
uterus of the female body by the breeder. This method of breeding helps the breeder overcome certain problems
faced in abnormal mating.
(b). Multiple ovulation embryo technology (MOET): It is a technique for cattle improvement in which super-ovulation is
induced by a hormone injection. Then, fertilization is achieved by artificial insemination and early embryos are
collected. Each of these embryos are then transplanted into the surrogate mother for further development of the
embryo.
The best method to carry out animal breeding is the artificial method of breeding, which includes artificial
insemination and MOET technology. These technologies are scientific in nature. They help overcome problems of
normal mating and have a high success rate of crossing between mature males and females. Also, it ensures the
production of hybrids with the desired qualities. This method is highly economical as a small amount of semen from
the male can be used to inseminate several cattle.
Q5 :
www.ncrtsolutions.in
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 9
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12
Chapter 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Exercise Solutions
Exercise : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 178
Q1 :
Explain in brief the role of animal husbandry in human welfare.
Answer :
Animal husbandry deals with the scientific management of livestock. It includes various aspects such as feeding,
breeding, and control diseases to raise the population of animal livestock. Animal husbandry usually includes animals
such as cattle, pig, sheep, poultry, and fish which are useful for humans in various ways. These animals are
managed for the production of commercially important products such as milk, meat, wool, egg, honey, silk, etc. The
increase in human population has increased the demand of these products. Hence, it is necessary to improve the
management of livestock scientifically.
Q2 :
If your family owned a dairy farm, what measures would you undertake to improve the quality and quantity of
milk production?
Answer :
Dairy farm management deals with processes which aim at improving the quality and quantity of milk production. Milk
production is primarily dependent on choosing improved cattle breeds, provision of proper feed for cattle, maintaining
proper shelter facilities, and regular cleaning of cattle.
Choosing improved cattle breeds is an important factor of cattle management. Hybrid cattle breeds are produced for
improved productivity. Therefore, it is essential that hybrid cattle breeds should have a combination of various
desirable genes such as high milk production and high resistance to diseases. Cattle should also be given healthy
and nutritious food consisting of roughage, fibre concentrates, and high levels of proteins and other nutrients.
Cattle's should be housed in proper cattle-houses and should be kept in well ventilated roofs to prevent them from
harsh weather conditions such as heat, cold, and rain. Regular baths and proper brushing should be ensured to
control diseases. Also, time-to-time check ups by a veterinary doctor for symptoms of various diseases should be
undertaken.
Q3 :
What is meant by the term 'breed'? What are the objectives of animal breeding?
Answer :
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, www.ncrtsolutions.in
A breed is a special variety of animals within a species. It is similar in most characters such as general appearance,
size, configuration, and features with other members of the same species. Jersey and Brown Swiss are examples of
foreign breeds of cattle. These two varieties of cattle have the ability to produce abundant quantities of milk. This milk
is very nutritious with high protein content.
Objectives of animal breeding:
(i) To increase the yield of animals.
(ii) To improve the desirable qualities of the animal produce.
(iii) To produce disease-resistant varieties of animals.
Q4 :
Name the methods employed in animal breeding. According to you which one of the methods is best? Why?
Answer :
Animal breeding is the method of mating closely related individuals. There are several methods employed in animals
breeding, which can be classified into the following categories:
(A) Natural methods of breeding include inbreeding and out-breeding. Breeding between animals of the same breed
is known as inbreeding, while breeding between animals of different breeds is known as out-breeding. Out-breeding
of animals is of three types:
(a). Out-crossing: In this type of out-breeding, the mating of animals occurs within the same breed. Thus, they have
no common ancestors up to the last 4-5 generations.
(b). Cross-breeding: In this type of out-breeding, the mating occurs between different breeds of the same species,
thereby producing a hybrid.
(c). Interspecific hybridization: In this type of out-breeding, the mating occurs between different species.
(B) Artificial methods of breeding include modern techniques of breeding. It involves controlled breeding experiments,
which are of two types:-
(a). Artificial insemination: It is a process of introducing the semen (collected from the male) into the oviduct or the
uterus of the female body by the breeder. This method of breeding helps the breeder overcome certain problems
faced in abnormal mating.
(b). Multiple ovulation embryo technology (MOET): It is a technique for cattle improvement in which super-ovulation is
induced by a hormone injection. Then, fertilization is achieved by artificial insemination and early embryos are
collected. Each of these embryos are then transplanted into the surrogate mother for further development of the
embryo.
The best method to carry out animal breeding is the artificial method of breeding, which includes artificial
insemination and MOET technology. These technologies are scientific in nature. They help overcome problems of
normal mating and have a high success rate of crossing between mature males and females. Also, it ensures the
production of hybrids with the desired qualities. This method is highly economical as a small amount of semen from
the male can be used to inseminate several cattle.
Q5 :
www.ncrtsolutions.in
