Summary The geo (tto) vwo 3 chapter 2

Geography summary chapter 2

Geo Guides:

G164: compact city and re-urbanization
 City populations decreased as a result of suburbanization
 More building was needed to stop people from moving away
 Many residential areas were build on old industrial sites (due to factories closing)
 In the old city centres space was also found and new residential neighbourhoods were build
on the outskirts of the central cities
 Compact city policy -> policy for more building in and near a city
 Re-urbanization -> if the population of a city starts to increase again after falling for many
years

G166: model for a city
 Things all cities have in common
 1. Historic city centre
 > old houses, churches, museums
 > buildings: offices, department stores, hotels, restaurants, theatres, cinemas
 > space: working, shopping, going out
 2. Central business district (CBD)
 > part of the city with offices, shops, entertainment
 3. Old residential areas
 > factories were build on the edge of cities and housing had been built near them for
industrial workers
 > many factories sites are now used for homes recreation and offices
 There are new residential areas on the edge of cities, where there is more room for parking,
sports grounds and business parks near motorways

G167: city formation and urban renewal
 Land use changes all the time in a city
 In the past the city centre was densely populated but housing has been replaced with offices
and shops
 City formation -> the process in which housing was replaced by offices and shops
 In the past industrial and port areas developed om the edge of the city centre
 As the city grew, business became surrounded by residential areas and were difficult to reach
 So many businesses moved to a new location on the edge of the city or suburbs
(suburbanization of work)
 The old factory sites were used for a different type of work and housing/recreation
 A change in land use is part of urban renewal

G168: land prices and land use
 Land use-> the use of space for living, working, traffic or recreation
 In a city the price of land determines what it is used for
 Land is expensive in city centres
 The demand for space is higher than the supply so prices go up, resulting in that only
businesses can afford it
 As a result of the high land prices lots of high-rise buildings are build
 The further you go away from the city the cheaper the land

,  At the edge of the city prices are so much lower that houses can be built on large plots of
land -> the housing density falls

G170: neighbourhood profile and quality of life
 Cities are divided into residential areas and neighbourhoods
 There are housing and residents’ characteristics for every neighbourhood
 WOZ value -> value of homes
 You can use the characteristics to make a neighbourhood profile, which tells u the
present condition of a neighbourhood
 These characteristics tell us about the quality of life in a neighbourhood




G171: quality of life
 Quality of life -> the extent to which a residential area is suitable to live in
 You can measure this by using the neighbourhood profile but it’s important to know what
the residents think of the neighbourhood
 By asking them about: homes, streets, parks, quality of amenities, community spirit, safety

G172: Deprived neighbourhoods
 Almost all big cities have neighbourhoods where the quality of life is poor
 Because of suburbanization people with well-paid jobs left the area
 The residents who stayed didn’t have enough money and amenities went bankrupt
 Crime also increased especially drug dealing
 Residential areas became deprived neighbourhoods or problem neighbourhoods

G173: urban renewal
 Urban renewal: upgrading and modernizing the residential areas in a city, so the quality of
life improves
 1. Renewal of the homes and public spaces
 2. Improving the environment by making it safer (more police, sport fields)
 3. More opportunities for residents in terms of housing, work, education, healthcare

G174: better housing
 You can improve houses in 2 ways:
 1. Demolition and new build
 - part or all of a neighbourhood is pulled down and new homes are built
 - the new houses are often more expensive bought by people with money
 - this results in a greater variety of residents which helps improve the character of a
neighbourhood
 2. Renovation
 - upgrading old houses so that they meet modern requirements
 A special form of renovation is restoration -> repairing old, valuable buildings


G175: Gentrification