NESA Annual Mandatory Training Exam 2023 Questions
and Answers with complete solution
Antibiotics and similar drugs are called?
antimicrobial agents
How long have antimicrobial agents been used?
70 years, since 1940
What is the issue with antimicrobial agents
Many fungi, viruses, and parasites (infectious organisms have become resistant to
antimicrobial agent or a related class.
Name some multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
gram negative bacilli (GNB)
Is the prevention of MDROs the same everywhere?
no the prevention has to be tailored specifically to each population and institution.
Where does antimicriobial drug resistance occur
Everywhere in the world... it is not limited to industrialized nations
What happens when a patient is infected with a drug resistant organism?
longer and more expensive hospital stay....
more likely to die
have to use 2nd or 3rd choice durs that can be less effective, more toxic or more
expensive
What are the trends in Drug resistance?
MRSA
Klebsiella
E. coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Increasing MRSA infections in US and globally
Multidrug reistant Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli have been isolated throughout
the US
Antibiotic-resitant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections have significantly declined,
some concerns in some areas.
What are the trends in Drug resistance?
fungi
HIV
malaria
Antimicrobial resistance is emerging among fungi that cause infections in transplant
patients with weak immune
Antimicrobial resistance has also been noted with some of the drugs used to treat HIV
infections and influenza.
Antimicrobial resistance to the drugs used to treat malaria infections problem around the
world, along with resistant parasites
How to prevent spread of antimicrobial resistant infections
, optimal management of vascular and urinary catheters
prevention of lower respiratory tract infection in intubated patients, accurate diagnosis of
infectious etiologies
judicious selection and utilization
spear headed by the Campaign to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance
What is antibiotic resistance
is the ability of bacteria or other microbes to resist the effects of an antibiotic
Why should I be concerned about antibiotic resistance?
Because the disease can become difficult/impossible to treat. It than spreads from
person to person
What is the misconception about people and medicine
person's body becomes resistant to specific drugs.
The truth...it is the microbes, not people, that become resistant to the drugs.
Why are bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics
Because of repeated and improper use of antibiotics.
Antibiotics are for bacterial infections not viral infections(common cold, most sore
throats, flu)
Smart use is the key to controlling spread of resistance.
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Natural Selection.
Mutation
Destruction
Eflux
Genetic transfer
-conjugation
-transformation
-transduction
Modes of Transmission of infectious organisms
Contact transmission
-direct contact transmission
-indirect contact transmission
Droplet transmission
Airborne transmission
Modes of Transmission of infectious organisms
Contact transmission
divided into two direct and indirect
direct-when the microorganism is transferred from an infected individual to another
without an intermediated contaminated person or inanimate object.
ex. blood entering through caregivers body
indirect-transfer of an infectious agent through a contaminated intermidate person or
object
ex. hands, poorly cleaned medical equipment, toys
and Answers with complete solution
Antibiotics and similar drugs are called?
antimicrobial agents
How long have antimicrobial agents been used?
70 years, since 1940
What is the issue with antimicrobial agents
Many fungi, viruses, and parasites (infectious organisms have become resistant to
antimicrobial agent or a related class.
Name some multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
gram negative bacilli (GNB)
Is the prevention of MDROs the same everywhere?
no the prevention has to be tailored specifically to each population and institution.
Where does antimicriobial drug resistance occur
Everywhere in the world... it is not limited to industrialized nations
What happens when a patient is infected with a drug resistant organism?
longer and more expensive hospital stay....
more likely to die
have to use 2nd or 3rd choice durs that can be less effective, more toxic or more
expensive
What are the trends in Drug resistance?
MRSA
Klebsiella
E. coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Increasing MRSA infections in US and globally
Multidrug reistant Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli have been isolated throughout
the US
Antibiotic-resitant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections have significantly declined,
some concerns in some areas.
What are the trends in Drug resistance?
fungi
HIV
malaria
Antimicrobial resistance is emerging among fungi that cause infections in transplant
patients with weak immune
Antimicrobial resistance has also been noted with some of the drugs used to treat HIV
infections and influenza.
Antimicrobial resistance to the drugs used to treat malaria infections problem around the
world, along with resistant parasites
How to prevent spread of antimicrobial resistant infections
, optimal management of vascular and urinary catheters
prevention of lower respiratory tract infection in intubated patients, accurate diagnosis of
infectious etiologies
judicious selection and utilization
spear headed by the Campaign to Reduce Antimicrobial Resistance
What is antibiotic resistance
is the ability of bacteria or other microbes to resist the effects of an antibiotic
Why should I be concerned about antibiotic resistance?
Because the disease can become difficult/impossible to treat. It than spreads from
person to person
What is the misconception about people and medicine
person's body becomes resistant to specific drugs.
The truth...it is the microbes, not people, that become resistant to the drugs.
Why are bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics
Because of repeated and improper use of antibiotics.
Antibiotics are for bacterial infections not viral infections(common cold, most sore
throats, flu)
Smart use is the key to controlling spread of resistance.
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
Natural Selection.
Mutation
Destruction
Eflux
Genetic transfer
-conjugation
-transformation
-transduction
Modes of Transmission of infectious organisms
Contact transmission
-direct contact transmission
-indirect contact transmission
Droplet transmission
Airborne transmission
Modes of Transmission of infectious organisms
Contact transmission
divided into two direct and indirect
direct-when the microorganism is transferred from an infected individual to another
without an intermediated contaminated person or inanimate object.
ex. blood entering through caregivers body
indirect-transfer of an infectious agent through a contaminated intermidate person or
object
ex. hands, poorly cleaned medical equipment, toys
