ZO 250 Final Exam Test Bank 2023 with complete solution
Which of the following modern physiologists said that physiology is the study of "how
animals work"?
Answer: Knut Schmidt-Nielsen
Which of the following early scientists described coronary circulation and heart and lung
anatomy?
Answer: Ibn al-Nafis
Which of the following early physiologists created the term homeostasis to explain the
balance of metabolic processes in the body?
Answer: Walter Cannon
Which of the following organisms provides an important compound used to detect the
presence of bacteria in blood even at very low concentrations?
Answer: Horseshoe crab
Which of the following animals models is widely used as the simplest multicellular
organism?
Answer: C. elegans
Which of the following is not an amine hormone (biogenic amine)? Options:
-All are biogenic amines
-melatonin
-prostaglandin
-epinephrine
-acetylcholine
prostaglandin
Peptides/Protein hormones are synthesized and secreted via processes involving all
BUT:
-rough ER
-exocytosis
-vesicle transport
-smooth ER
-golgi apparatus
Smooth ER
Indirect signals sent over a short distance are described as which of the following?
-Exocrine
-Autocrine
-Neural
-Paracrine
-Endocrine
Paracrine, Autocrine
Which of the following properties do direct and indirect signaling share?
1) Flow of ions to manipulate membrane potential
2) Use of second messengers
3) Regulation via closing of channels
signal transduction, binding of one ligand to a receptor can cause the production of
many copies of second messengers. This is called:
a. Amplification
,b. Up regulation
c. Synergism
d. Additivity
e. Protein kinase acceleration
Amplification
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger?
a. Na+
b. cGMP
c. Phosphatidyl inositol
d. cAMP
e. Ca2+
Na+
When a ligand binds with a transmembrane GPCR, which of the following can occur at
some point as a result of this binding?
-All of these events can take place.
-A second messenger is released or produced, which in turn activates enzymes
downstream.
-A non-genomic cellular response can occur.
-A cytosolic receptor is activated.
-The beta subunit can travel along the inner membrane and activate an amplifier
-A second messenger is released or produced, which in turn activates enzymes
downstream.
-A non-genomic cellular response can occur.
-The beta subunit can travel along the inner membrane and activate an amplifier
Steroid hormones are synthesized by what organelle?
Smooth ER
With respect to steroid hormones, which of the following statements is not true?
-Insects possess steroid hormones
-Steroid hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles for later release
-Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol
-Steroid hormones typically trigger a genomic response
-Steroid hormones most often interact with a transmembrane receptor on the target cell
-Steroid hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles for later release
-Steroid hormones most often interact with a transmembrane receptor on the target cell
Which of the following is not a common type of cellular receptor?
-All are common cellular receptors.
-Receptor-enzymes
-Ligand gated channels
-Intracellular receptors
-GPCR
All are common cellular receptors
Pair the chemical with the likely effect is has on cellular receptors:
-Agonist
-Antagonist
1) Agonist = Down regulation
2) Antagonist = Upregulation
,Endocrine cells stimulate the production of a hormone in response to a change in the
system, which travels to target cells. Which type of homeostatic mechanism does this
demonstrate?
Direct Feedback Loop
A sensor (hypothalamus) detects a change. Neurons travel to the posterior pituitary
(PP). The PP releases a neurohormone into the blood which interacts with target
tissues. Which level of homeostatic mechanism does this demonstrate?
First-order feedback loop
A sensor (hypothalamus) detects a change. Neurons release neurohormones into the
blood in the infundibulum. It travels to the vessels in the anterior pituitary (AP). The AP
releases a neurohormone into the blood which interacts with target tissues. Which level
of homeostatic mechanism does this demonstrate?
Second-order feedback loop
A sensor (hypothalamus) detects a change. Neurons release neurohormones into the
blood in the infundibulum. It travels to the vessels in the anterior pituitary (AP). The AP
releases a neurohormone into the blood which interacts with an endocrine gland. This
gland releases a hormone into the blood to affect target tissues. Which level of
homeostatic mechanism does this demonstrate?
Third-order feedback loop
Typically, cells respond to ligand mimics acting as antagonists by:
-Removing receptors from the cell surface.
-Adding receptors to the cell surface.
-Releasing autocrine signals to bind the ligand mimics.
Adding receptors to the cell surface
Typically, cells respond to ligand mimics acting as agonists by:
-Removing receptors from the cell surface.
-Adding receptors to the cell surface.
-Releasing autocrine signals to bind the ligand mimics.
Removing receptors from the cell surface
Which of the following organs is considered metabolic command and control in
mammals?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following are endocrine actions of the pancreas?
1) Release of insulin in response to high blood glucose
2) Release of glucagon in response to low blood glucose
Which of these is not a direct effect of the vertebrate stress response?
-Dilation of airways
-Increased cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex
-Increased Insulin secretion from the pancreas
-Increased epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla
Increased insulin secretion from the pancreas
Which of these is a direct effect of the vertebrate stress response?
-all are part of the vertebrate stress response.
-dilation of airways
-increased epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla
-increased cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex when hor
, All are part of the vertebrate stress response
When hormones A, B, and C collectively elicit a greater response than each of them
would elicit when simple added together, this phenomenon is called:
Synergism
The collective effect of epinephrine, cortisol, and glucagon is an example of:
Synergism
Match the following stages with the main ion action:
-Depolarization
-Repolarization
1) Depolarization = Na+ influx
2) Repolarization = K+ efflux
Match the following with respect to the body's glucose homeostatic mechanism.
-Liver release of glucose from glucagon stores
-Cellular uptake of blood glucose
-Liver release of glucose from glucagon stores → glucagon
-Cellular uptake of blood glucose → insulin
Which of the following ions' permeability and concentration is measured to determine
membrane potential in the Goldman EQ?
Select one or more:
a. All are measured in the equation.
b. Cl-
c. Ca2+
d. K+
e. Na+
Cl-, K+, Na+
If a cell is at rest (-70 mV) and some ligand gated K+ channels open, there will be a net
movement of K+ across the cell membrane until:
-All of the K+ is removed from the intracellular environment.
-Sodium channels open to compensate.
-The membrane potential reaches the equilibrium potential for K+.
-An action potential occurs.
-The channel closes
The membrane potential reaches the equilibrium potential for K+, and the channel
closes.
If a cell is at rest (-70 mV) and some ligand gated Na+ channels open, there will be a
net movement of Na+ across the cell membrane until:
-The membrane potential reaches the equilibrium potential for Na+
-Either the channels close or membrane potential is reached
-All of the Na+ is removed from the extracellular environment
-The channels close
-Potassium channels open to compensate
Either the channels close or membrane potential is reached
What are ways in which neurotransmitters, once released, can be regulated in the
synapse?
-Calcium removal signals re-uptake by presynaptic membrane.
- They are degraded in the synapse by enzymes.
Which of the following modern physiologists said that physiology is the study of "how
animals work"?
Answer: Knut Schmidt-Nielsen
Which of the following early scientists described coronary circulation and heart and lung
anatomy?
Answer: Ibn al-Nafis
Which of the following early physiologists created the term homeostasis to explain the
balance of metabolic processes in the body?
Answer: Walter Cannon
Which of the following organisms provides an important compound used to detect the
presence of bacteria in blood even at very low concentrations?
Answer: Horseshoe crab
Which of the following animals models is widely used as the simplest multicellular
organism?
Answer: C. elegans
Which of the following is not an amine hormone (biogenic amine)? Options:
-All are biogenic amines
-melatonin
-prostaglandin
-epinephrine
-acetylcholine
prostaglandin
Peptides/Protein hormones are synthesized and secreted via processes involving all
BUT:
-rough ER
-exocytosis
-vesicle transport
-smooth ER
-golgi apparatus
Smooth ER
Indirect signals sent over a short distance are described as which of the following?
-Exocrine
-Autocrine
-Neural
-Paracrine
-Endocrine
Paracrine, Autocrine
Which of the following properties do direct and indirect signaling share?
1) Flow of ions to manipulate membrane potential
2) Use of second messengers
3) Regulation via closing of channels
signal transduction, binding of one ligand to a receptor can cause the production of
many copies of second messengers. This is called:
a. Amplification
,b. Up regulation
c. Synergism
d. Additivity
e. Protein kinase acceleration
Amplification
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger?
a. Na+
b. cGMP
c. Phosphatidyl inositol
d. cAMP
e. Ca2+
Na+
When a ligand binds with a transmembrane GPCR, which of the following can occur at
some point as a result of this binding?
-All of these events can take place.
-A second messenger is released or produced, which in turn activates enzymes
downstream.
-A non-genomic cellular response can occur.
-A cytosolic receptor is activated.
-The beta subunit can travel along the inner membrane and activate an amplifier
-A second messenger is released or produced, which in turn activates enzymes
downstream.
-A non-genomic cellular response can occur.
-The beta subunit can travel along the inner membrane and activate an amplifier
Steroid hormones are synthesized by what organelle?
Smooth ER
With respect to steroid hormones, which of the following statements is not true?
-Insects possess steroid hormones
-Steroid hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles for later release
-Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol
-Steroid hormones typically trigger a genomic response
-Steroid hormones most often interact with a transmembrane receptor on the target cell
-Steroid hormones are synthesized and stored in vesicles for later release
-Steroid hormones most often interact with a transmembrane receptor on the target cell
Which of the following is not a common type of cellular receptor?
-All are common cellular receptors.
-Receptor-enzymes
-Ligand gated channels
-Intracellular receptors
-GPCR
All are common cellular receptors
Pair the chemical with the likely effect is has on cellular receptors:
-Agonist
-Antagonist
1) Agonist = Down regulation
2) Antagonist = Upregulation
,Endocrine cells stimulate the production of a hormone in response to a change in the
system, which travels to target cells. Which type of homeostatic mechanism does this
demonstrate?
Direct Feedback Loop
A sensor (hypothalamus) detects a change. Neurons travel to the posterior pituitary
(PP). The PP releases a neurohormone into the blood which interacts with target
tissues. Which level of homeostatic mechanism does this demonstrate?
First-order feedback loop
A sensor (hypothalamus) detects a change. Neurons release neurohormones into the
blood in the infundibulum. It travels to the vessels in the anterior pituitary (AP). The AP
releases a neurohormone into the blood which interacts with target tissues. Which level
of homeostatic mechanism does this demonstrate?
Second-order feedback loop
A sensor (hypothalamus) detects a change. Neurons release neurohormones into the
blood in the infundibulum. It travels to the vessels in the anterior pituitary (AP). The AP
releases a neurohormone into the blood which interacts with an endocrine gland. This
gland releases a hormone into the blood to affect target tissues. Which level of
homeostatic mechanism does this demonstrate?
Third-order feedback loop
Typically, cells respond to ligand mimics acting as antagonists by:
-Removing receptors from the cell surface.
-Adding receptors to the cell surface.
-Releasing autocrine signals to bind the ligand mimics.
Adding receptors to the cell surface
Typically, cells respond to ligand mimics acting as agonists by:
-Removing receptors from the cell surface.
-Adding receptors to the cell surface.
-Releasing autocrine signals to bind the ligand mimics.
Removing receptors from the cell surface
Which of the following organs is considered metabolic command and control in
mammals?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following are endocrine actions of the pancreas?
1) Release of insulin in response to high blood glucose
2) Release of glucagon in response to low blood glucose
Which of these is not a direct effect of the vertebrate stress response?
-Dilation of airways
-Increased cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex
-Increased Insulin secretion from the pancreas
-Increased epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla
Increased insulin secretion from the pancreas
Which of these is a direct effect of the vertebrate stress response?
-all are part of the vertebrate stress response.
-dilation of airways
-increased epinephrine secretion from the adrenal medulla
-increased cortisol secretion from the adrenal cortex when hor
, All are part of the vertebrate stress response
When hormones A, B, and C collectively elicit a greater response than each of them
would elicit when simple added together, this phenomenon is called:
Synergism
The collective effect of epinephrine, cortisol, and glucagon is an example of:
Synergism
Match the following stages with the main ion action:
-Depolarization
-Repolarization
1) Depolarization = Na+ influx
2) Repolarization = K+ efflux
Match the following with respect to the body's glucose homeostatic mechanism.
-Liver release of glucose from glucagon stores
-Cellular uptake of blood glucose
-Liver release of glucose from glucagon stores → glucagon
-Cellular uptake of blood glucose → insulin
Which of the following ions' permeability and concentration is measured to determine
membrane potential in the Goldman EQ?
Select one or more:
a. All are measured in the equation.
b. Cl-
c. Ca2+
d. K+
e. Na+
Cl-, K+, Na+
If a cell is at rest (-70 mV) and some ligand gated K+ channels open, there will be a net
movement of K+ across the cell membrane until:
-All of the K+ is removed from the intracellular environment.
-Sodium channels open to compensate.
-The membrane potential reaches the equilibrium potential for K+.
-An action potential occurs.
-The channel closes
The membrane potential reaches the equilibrium potential for K+, and the channel
closes.
If a cell is at rest (-70 mV) and some ligand gated Na+ channels open, there will be a
net movement of Na+ across the cell membrane until:
-The membrane potential reaches the equilibrium potential for Na+
-Either the channels close or membrane potential is reached
-All of the Na+ is removed from the extracellular environment
-The channels close
-Potassium channels open to compensate
Either the channels close or membrane potential is reached
What are ways in which neurotransmitters, once released, can be regulated in the
synapse?
-Calcium removal signals re-uptake by presynaptic membrane.
- They are degraded in the synapse by enzymes.
