Lecture 1 Introduction
Microprocessors And Microcontrollers – IITKGP
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Microprocessors are central processing units (CPUs) that can
carry out arithmetic and logic operations. These chips are the brains of computers, cell phones, tablets,
and other electronic devices. Microcontrollers are similar to microprocessors in that they process data
and control functions. However, they are typically smaller and simpler than microprocessors, and are
often used in embedded systems. Microphones Microphones are devices that convert sound waves into
electrical signals. They are commonly used in audio recording and amplification, as well as in a variety of
communication devices. The Millivolt The millivolt (mV) is a unit of measurement for electrical voltage. It
is equal to one thousandth of a volt (V). The millivolt is often used to measure small electrical signals,
such as those produced by microphones. Batteries Batteries are devices that store electrical energy and
convert it into a usable form. They are commonly used in electronic devices such as cell phones, tablets,
and laptops. Binary Format and Generalized Number Systems The binary format is a base-2 number
system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. It is commonly used in computers and other electronic
devices. The generalized number system is a base-n number system that uses n digits to represent
numbers. It is a more flexible system than binary, allowing for greater efficiency in certain types of
calculations.
Lecture 2 Introduction (Contd.)
Microprocessors And Microcontrollers - IITKGP
Representation:A number can be represented in various formats
according to its usage.Positive number:A positive number can be
represented as it is without any sign.Negative number:A negative
number can be represented by putting a negative sign (-) before
it.Number storage:A number can be stored in two ways - positive
storage and negative storage. In positive storage, the number is
stored as it is, whereas in negative storage, the number is stored as
the complement of its positive representative.No storage:Some
numbers do not need storage as they can be represented as
positive or negative representatives.Examples:Positive
representative: 7, 8Negative storage: -7, -8Positive storage: +7,
+8Quotes:Negative number: "A debt is like a negative number in
your bank account. If you have $1000 in your account and owe
$1000 to the bank, your balance is zero, but your net worth is minus
$1000."- Suze OrmanFormulas:Addition: Plus (+)Subtraction: Minus
(-)Multiplication: Dot (.)Comparison: Greater than (>), less than (<),
equals to (=)Examples:Plus 7 + Plus 8 = Plus 15Plus 7 + Minus 1 =
Plus 6Minus 1 + Minus 1 = Minus 2Plus Plus 0 = Plus 0Plus 1. + 1. =
2.1. = 1.2. < 2.53.2 > 1.44.3 = 4.32's complement binary
representation:For a n-bit binary number:1n1 is 12n2 is 102 =
, 1.0n21.5n2 is 1.1n22.5n2 to 2.4n2 is 10.1n2 to 10.01n22's
complement: n-bit binary representation of a negative number is
given by taking the complement of its positive representative and
adding 1 to it.Examples:+7: 0111n2-7: 1001n2 = 1's complement of
0111n2 + 110: 1010n2-10: 0110n2 = 1's complement of 1010n2 +
1100: 1100100n2-100: 1011100n2 = 1's complement of 1100100n2
+1
Error
Digital logic involves designing, developing, and implementing
digital circuits or systems using digital signals. A digital block
processes and manipulates digital signals, whereas analog signals
are continuous and vary over time.Conversion from an analog signal
to a digital signal involves digitizing the signal, which results in
output signals consisting of discrete values. In a digital system, the
continuity of the signal is ensured through ground connections such
as VSS (ground) and VCC (power).For example, in logic gates, the
input signals A and B are processed, which results in the output
signal F. The signal F can take on a high state (1) or a low state (0),
depending on the logic gate used.When referring to multiple signals,
they are typically denoted by letters such as A, B, C, D, etc. In some
cases, a signal may also be referred to as "give" or "gives", which is
equivalent to saying "signal A gives signal G".Overall, digital logic
and digital blocks are used extensively in modern electronics and
computing, enabling the manipulation and processing of digital
signals with great accuracy and efficiency.
Lecture 3 Introduction (Contd.)
Microprocessors And Microcontrollers - IITKGP
Introduction: The field of logistics, logic, design, techniques, and
circuits combined is referred to as ac. It includes both logic and
design along with input and circuit. Examples: "a" and "b" are both
referred to as "c". "a" is considered as an "a." and "b" is categorized
as an "aword" that associates with a word, just like any word
associates with another word. The term "bar" is used repetitively,
and it can be XORed with itself or with another "bar." Similarly, "a"
and "b" can be XORed with each other or with "c" and "d". Moreover,
"a" and "e" are two separate terminologies. The former is XORed
with "s," while the latter is appended with the words "bar" and
enclosed in double-quotes.
Microprocessors And Microcontrollers – IITKGP
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Microprocessors are central processing units (CPUs) that can
carry out arithmetic and logic operations. These chips are the brains of computers, cell phones, tablets,
and other electronic devices. Microcontrollers are similar to microprocessors in that they process data
and control functions. However, they are typically smaller and simpler than microprocessors, and are
often used in embedded systems. Microphones Microphones are devices that convert sound waves into
electrical signals. They are commonly used in audio recording and amplification, as well as in a variety of
communication devices. The Millivolt The millivolt (mV) is a unit of measurement for electrical voltage. It
is equal to one thousandth of a volt (V). The millivolt is often used to measure small electrical signals,
such as those produced by microphones. Batteries Batteries are devices that store electrical energy and
convert it into a usable form. They are commonly used in electronic devices such as cell phones, tablets,
and laptops. Binary Format and Generalized Number Systems The binary format is a base-2 number
system that uses only two digits: 0 and 1. It is commonly used in computers and other electronic
devices. The generalized number system is a base-n number system that uses n digits to represent
numbers. It is a more flexible system than binary, allowing for greater efficiency in certain types of
calculations.
Lecture 2 Introduction (Contd.)
Microprocessors And Microcontrollers - IITKGP
Representation:A number can be represented in various formats
according to its usage.Positive number:A positive number can be
represented as it is without any sign.Negative number:A negative
number can be represented by putting a negative sign (-) before
it.Number storage:A number can be stored in two ways - positive
storage and negative storage. In positive storage, the number is
stored as it is, whereas in negative storage, the number is stored as
the complement of its positive representative.No storage:Some
numbers do not need storage as they can be represented as
positive or negative representatives.Examples:Positive
representative: 7, 8Negative storage: -7, -8Positive storage: +7,
+8Quotes:Negative number: "A debt is like a negative number in
your bank account. If you have $1000 in your account and owe
$1000 to the bank, your balance is zero, but your net worth is minus
$1000."- Suze OrmanFormulas:Addition: Plus (+)Subtraction: Minus
(-)Multiplication: Dot (.)Comparison: Greater than (>), less than (<),
equals to (=)Examples:Plus 7 + Plus 8 = Plus 15Plus 7 + Minus 1 =
Plus 6Minus 1 + Minus 1 = Minus 2Plus Plus 0 = Plus 0Plus 1. + 1. =
2.1. = 1.2. < 2.53.2 > 1.44.3 = 4.32's complement binary
representation:For a n-bit binary number:1n1 is 12n2 is 102 =
, 1.0n21.5n2 is 1.1n22.5n2 to 2.4n2 is 10.1n2 to 10.01n22's
complement: n-bit binary representation of a negative number is
given by taking the complement of its positive representative and
adding 1 to it.Examples:+7: 0111n2-7: 1001n2 = 1's complement of
0111n2 + 110: 1010n2-10: 0110n2 = 1's complement of 1010n2 +
1100: 1100100n2-100: 1011100n2 = 1's complement of 1100100n2
+1
Error
Digital logic involves designing, developing, and implementing
digital circuits or systems using digital signals. A digital block
processes and manipulates digital signals, whereas analog signals
are continuous and vary over time.Conversion from an analog signal
to a digital signal involves digitizing the signal, which results in
output signals consisting of discrete values. In a digital system, the
continuity of the signal is ensured through ground connections such
as VSS (ground) and VCC (power).For example, in logic gates, the
input signals A and B are processed, which results in the output
signal F. The signal F can take on a high state (1) or a low state (0),
depending on the logic gate used.When referring to multiple signals,
they are typically denoted by letters such as A, B, C, D, etc. In some
cases, a signal may also be referred to as "give" or "gives", which is
equivalent to saying "signal A gives signal G".Overall, digital logic
and digital blocks are used extensively in modern electronics and
computing, enabling the manipulation and processing of digital
signals with great accuracy and efficiency.
Lecture 3 Introduction (Contd.)
Microprocessors And Microcontrollers - IITKGP
Introduction: The field of logistics, logic, design, techniques, and
circuits combined is referred to as ac. It includes both logic and
design along with input and circuit. Examples: "a" and "b" are both
referred to as "c". "a" is considered as an "a." and "b" is categorized
as an "aword" that associates with a word, just like any word
associates with another word. The term "bar" is used repetitively,
and it can be XORed with itself or with another "bar." Similarly, "a"
and "b" can be XORed with each other or with "c" and "d". Moreover,
"a" and "e" are two separate terminologies. The former is XORed
with "s," while the latter is appended with the words "bar" and
enclosed in double-quotes.
