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, Physical Constants
Quantity Value
Electron charge e = (1.602 177 33 ± 0.000 000 46) × 10−19 C
Electron mass m = (9.109 389 7 ± 0.000 005 4) × 10−31 kg
Permittivity of free space �0 = 8.854 187 817 × 10−12 F/m
Permeability of free space µ0 = 4π10−7 H/m
Velocity of light c = 2.997 924 58 × 108 m/s
Dielectric Constant (�r� ) and Loss Tangent (� �� /� � )
Material �r �� / �
Air 1.0005
Alcohol, ethyl 25 0.1
Aluminum oxide 8.8 0.000 6
Amber 2.7 0.002
Bakelite 4.74 0.022
Barium titanate 1200 0.013
Carbon dioxide 1.001
Ferrite (NiZn) 12.4 0.000 25
Germanium 16
Glass 4–7 0.002
Ice 4.2 0.05
Mica 5.4 0.000 6
Neoprene 6.6 0.011
Nylon 3.5 0.02
Paper 3 0.008
Plexiglas 3.45 0.03
Polyethylene 2.26 0.000 2
Polypropylene 2.25 0.000 3
Polystyrene 2.56 0.000 05
Porcelain (dry process) 6 0.014
Pyranol 4.4 0.000 5
Pyrex glass 4 0.000 6
Quartz (fused) 3.8 0.000 75
Rubber 2.5–3 0.002
Silica or SiO2 (fused) 3.8 0.000 75
Silicon 11.8
Snow 3.3 0.5
Sodium chloride 5.9 0.000 1
Soil (dry) 2.8 0.05
Steatite 5.8 0.003
Styrofoam 1.03 0.000 1
Teflon 2.1 0.000 3
Titanium dioxide 100 0.001 5
Water (distilled) 80 0.04
Water (sea) 4
Water (dehydrated) 1 0
Wood (dry) 1.5–4 0.01
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, Conductivity (� )
Material , S/m Material , S/m
Silver 6.17 × 107 Nichrome 0.1 × 107
Copper 5.80 × 107 Graphite 7 × 104
Gold 4.10 × 107 Silicon 2300
Aluminum 3.82 × 107 Ferrite (typical) 100
Tungsten 1.82 × 107 Water (sea) 5
Zinc 1.67 × 107 Limestone 10−2
Brass 1.5 × 107 Clay 5 × 10−3
Nickel 1.45 × 107 Water (fresh) 10−3
Iron 1.03 × 107 Water (distilled) 10−4
Phosphor bronze 1 × 107 Soil (sandy) 10−5
Solder 0.7 × 107 Granite 10−6
Carbon steel 0.6 × 107 Marble 10−8
German silver 0.3 × 107 Bakelite 10−9
Manganin 0.227 × 107 Porcelain (dry process) 10−10
Constantan 0.226 × 107 Diamond 2 × 10−13
Germanium 0.22 × 107 Polystyrene 10−16
Stainless steel 0.11 × 107 Quartz 10−17
Relative Permeability (µr )
Material µr Material µr
Bismuth 0.999 998 6 Powdered iron 100
Paraffin 0.999 999 42 Machine steel 300
Wood 0.999 999 5 Ferrite (typical) 1000
Silver 0.999 999 81 Permalloy 45 2500
Aluminum 1.000 000 65 Transformer iron 3000
Beryllium 1.000 000 79 Silicon iron 3500
Nickel chloride 1.000 04 Iron (pure) 4000
Manganese sulfate 1.000 1 Mumetal 20 000
Nickel 50 Sendust 30 000
Cast iron 60 Supermalloy 100 000
Cobalt 60
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November 22, 2010 20:32 Hayt/Buck Page 3 hay80660 frontendsheet 2and3.pdf
, Physical Constants
Quantity Value
Electron charge e = (1.602 177 33 ± 0.000 000 46) × 10−19 C
Electron mass m = (9.109 389 7 ± 0.000 005 4) × 10−31 kg
Permittivity of free space �0 = 8.854 187 817 × 10−12 F/m
Permeability of free space µ0 = 4π10−7 H/m
Velocity of light c = 2.997 924 58 × 108 m/s
Dielectric Constant (�r� ) and Loss Tangent (� �� /� � )
Material �r �� / �
Air 1.0005
Alcohol, ethyl 25 0.1
Aluminum oxide 8.8 0.000 6
Amber 2.7 0.002
Bakelite 4.74 0.022
Barium titanate 1200 0.013
Carbon dioxide 1.001
Ferrite (NiZn) 12.4 0.000 25
Germanium 16
Glass 4–7 0.002
Ice 4.2 0.05
Mica 5.4 0.000 6
Neoprene 6.6 0.011
Nylon 3.5 0.02
Paper 3 0.008
Plexiglas 3.45 0.03
Polyethylene 2.26 0.000 2
Polypropylene 2.25 0.000 3
Polystyrene 2.56 0.000 05
Porcelain (dry process) 6 0.014
Pyranol 4.4 0.000 5
Pyrex glass 4 0.000 6
Quartz (fused) 3.8 0.000 75
Rubber 2.5–3 0.002
Silica or SiO2 (fused) 3.8 0.000 75
Silicon 11.8
Snow 3.3 0.5
Sodium chloride 5.9 0.000 1
Soil (dry) 2.8 0.05
Steatite 5.8 0.003
Styrofoam 1.03 0.000 1
Teflon 2.1 0.000 3
Titanium dioxide 100 0.001 5
Water (distilled) 80 0.04
Water (sea) 4
Water (dehydrated) 1 0
Wood (dry) 1.5–4 0.01
hay80660_frontendsheet_2and3_HR.indd
ovember 22, 2010 20:32 1
Hayt/Buck Page 2 hay80660 frontendsheet 2and3.pdf
November 22, 201
, Conductivity (� )
Material , S/m Material , S/m
Silver 6.17 × 107 Nichrome 0.1 × 107
Copper 5.80 × 107 Graphite 7 × 104
Gold 4.10 × 107 Silicon 2300
Aluminum 3.82 × 107 Ferrite (typical) 100
Tungsten 1.82 × 107 Water (sea) 5
Zinc 1.67 × 107 Limestone 10−2
Brass 1.5 × 107 Clay 5 × 10−3
Nickel 1.45 × 107 Water (fresh) 10−3
Iron 1.03 × 107 Water (distilled) 10−4
Phosphor bronze 1 × 107 Soil (sandy) 10−5
Solder 0.7 × 107 Granite 10−6
Carbon steel 0.6 × 107 Marble 10−8
German silver 0.3 × 107 Bakelite 10−9
Manganin 0.227 × 107 Porcelain (dry process) 10−10
Constantan 0.226 × 107 Diamond 2 × 10−13
Germanium 0.22 × 107 Polystyrene 10−16
Stainless steel 0.11 × 107 Quartz 10−17
Relative Permeability (µr )
Material µr Material µr
Bismuth 0.999 998 6 Powdered iron 100
Paraffin 0.999 999 42 Machine steel 300
Wood 0.999 999 5 Ferrite (typical) 1000
Silver 0.999 999 81 Permalloy 45 2500
Aluminum 1.000 000 65 Transformer iron 3000
Beryllium 1.000 000 79 Silicon iron 3500
Nickel chloride 1.000 04 Iron (pure) 4000
Manganese sulfate 1.000 1 Mumetal 20 000
Nickel 50 Sendust 30 000
Cast iron 60 Supermalloy 100 000
Cobalt 60
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November 22, 2010 20:32 Hayt/Buck Page 3 hay80660 frontendsheet 2and3.pdf
