Biology Exam 4 Study Guide/Sample Questions
Quiz Questions:
1. Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16?
a. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs
2. What was the most significant conclusion that Mendel drew from his experimentation?
a. Traits are inherited in discrete units and are not the result of “blending.”
3. In cattle, roan coat color occurs in heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white
(rr) homozygotes (RR x rr.) Which of the following cross produces offspring in the ratio
of 1 red: 2 roan: 1 white?
a. Roan x Roan
4. If a woman with type AB blood marries a man with type O blood, which of the
following blood types could their children possibly have?
a. A and B
5. Albinism is an autosomal (non sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of
normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino. What is the probability
that their first child will be albino?
a. ¼
6. Process by which the cytoplasm of an eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is…
a. Cytokineses
7. Which of the following occurs during interphase?
a. Cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes
8. During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform and the
nucleoli reappear?
a. Telophase
9. Which cyclin is involved in the G1 checkpoint?
a. Cyclin D
10. If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the
following is an appropriate description of its contents?
a. It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
Professors Review:
Chapter 12
1. What drives the cell cycle and what is the evidence?
a.
2. Explain how the different checkpoints of the cell cycle work.
a. G1 – restriction checkpoint
i. G0 – if it gets the no-go from the restriction checkpoint, goes
into nondividing state.
b. G2 – undergoes rapid growth and protein synthesis in preparation for mitosis
c. M – occurs in metaphase, initiates anaphase via degrading cyclin B
3. Understand the role of the cyclins and cdks and which ones are present when in the
cycle. How are they actively regulated?
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https://www.coursehero.com/file/13358477/Biology-Exam-4-Study-Guide/
, a. Cyclin – family of proteins that control progression of cells through cell cycle
b. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) – family of multifunctional enzymes that
can modify various protein substrates.
c.
4. What is the most important checkpoint? What is the role of the retinoblastoma
(Rb) protein in this checkpoint?
a. G1, the role of Rb at this checkpoint is to repress activator E2F transcription
factors – once the decision to progress is decided cyclin D levels rise.
5. What is the difference between quiescence and senescence?
a. Quiescence – the cell is no longer in the cell cycle (G0), however, has the
ability to further divide given stimulation. (latin for take a rest)
b. Senescence – NOT capable of further division (latin for grow old)
6. Describe how anchorage dependence and contact inhibition affect the cycle.
a. Anchorage dependence – most animal cells must be in contact with a sold
surface in order to divide.
b. Contact Inhibition – growth mechanism where cells keep growing into a
monolayer; if a cell has plenty of free space, it replicates and moves freely, this
happens until there is no space left in which the cells stop replication.
7. What is meant by the transformation in cancer development? What is metastasis? Know
the four stages of cancer.
a. Transformation is the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell
whereby they do not need growth factors to divide and do not respond
normally.
b. Metastasis is when cancerous cells spread from the original organ to other parts of
the body.
c. The four stages of cancer:
i. Stage 0 – “in situí” cancer in the position where it started
ii. Stage 1 – “localized cancer” cells gain ability to pass through
the “basement membrane” and begin to invade neighboring
tissue
iii. Stage 2 & 3 – “regional spread” has spread to general region but nowhere
else.
iv. Stage 4 – “distant spread” can go anywhere in the body
Chapter 14
8. Why did Mendel choose to study inheritance using the pea plant model system?
a. Had several advantages; had a lot of pea plants with variety, could control
This study source was downloaded by 100000861168648 from CourseHero.com on 03-18-2023 10:12:08 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/13358477/Biology-Exam-4-Study-Guide/
Quiz Questions:
1. Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16?
a. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs
2. What was the most significant conclusion that Mendel drew from his experimentation?
a. Traits are inherited in discrete units and are not the result of “blending.”
3. In cattle, roan coat color occurs in heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white
(rr) homozygotes (RR x rr.) Which of the following cross produces offspring in the ratio
of 1 red: 2 roan: 1 white?
a. Roan x Roan
4. If a woman with type AB blood marries a man with type O blood, which of the
following blood types could their children possibly have?
a. A and B
5. Albinism is an autosomal (non sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of
normal pigmentation, but both have one parent who is albino. What is the probability
that their first child will be albino?
a. ¼
6. Process by which the cytoplasm of an eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is…
a. Cytokineses
7. Which of the following occurs during interphase?
a. Cell growth and duplication of the chromosomes
8. During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope reform and the
nucleoli reappear?
a. Telophase
9. Which cyclin is involved in the G1 checkpoint?
a. Cyclin D
10. If a cell has completed meiosis I and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the
following is an appropriate description of its contents?
a. It has half the amount of DNA as the cell that began meiosis.
Professors Review:
Chapter 12
1. What drives the cell cycle and what is the evidence?
a.
2. Explain how the different checkpoints of the cell cycle work.
a. G1 – restriction checkpoint
i. G0 – if it gets the no-go from the restriction checkpoint, goes
into nondividing state.
b. G2 – undergoes rapid growth and protein synthesis in preparation for mitosis
c. M – occurs in metaphase, initiates anaphase via degrading cyclin B
3. Understand the role of the cyclins and cdks and which ones are present when in the
cycle. How are they actively regulated?
This study source was downloaded by 100000861168648 from CourseHero.com on 03-18-2023 10:12:08 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/13358477/Biology-Exam-4-Study-Guide/
, a. Cyclin – family of proteins that control progression of cells through cell cycle
b. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) – family of multifunctional enzymes that
can modify various protein substrates.
c.
4. What is the most important checkpoint? What is the role of the retinoblastoma
(Rb) protein in this checkpoint?
a. G1, the role of Rb at this checkpoint is to repress activator E2F transcription
factors – once the decision to progress is decided cyclin D levels rise.
5. What is the difference between quiescence and senescence?
a. Quiescence – the cell is no longer in the cell cycle (G0), however, has the
ability to further divide given stimulation. (latin for take a rest)
b. Senescence – NOT capable of further division (latin for grow old)
6. Describe how anchorage dependence and contact inhibition affect the cycle.
a. Anchorage dependence – most animal cells must be in contact with a sold
surface in order to divide.
b. Contact Inhibition – growth mechanism where cells keep growing into a
monolayer; if a cell has plenty of free space, it replicates and moves freely, this
happens until there is no space left in which the cells stop replication.
7. What is meant by the transformation in cancer development? What is metastasis? Know
the four stages of cancer.
a. Transformation is the process that converts a normal cell into a cancer cell
whereby they do not need growth factors to divide and do not respond
normally.
b. Metastasis is when cancerous cells spread from the original organ to other parts of
the body.
c. The four stages of cancer:
i. Stage 0 – “in situí” cancer in the position where it started
ii. Stage 1 – “localized cancer” cells gain ability to pass through
the “basement membrane” and begin to invade neighboring
tissue
iii. Stage 2 & 3 – “regional spread” has spread to general region but nowhere
else.
iv. Stage 4 – “distant spread” can go anywhere in the body
Chapter 14
8. Why did Mendel choose to study inheritance using the pea plant model system?
a. Had several advantages; had a lot of pea plants with variety, could control
This study source was downloaded by 100000861168648 from CourseHero.com on 03-18-2023 10:12:08 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/13358477/Biology-Exam-4-Study-Guide/
