Week 6 Discussion 2:
Empirical Reasoning
82 unread replies.8282 replies.
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
• Textbook: Chapter 14
• Lesson 1, 2
• Link (library article): Myopia and Ambient Lighting at Night (Links to
an external site.)
• Link (library article): Myopia and Ambient Night-Time Lighting
(Links to an external site.)
• Link (website): What Are Clinical Trials and Studies? (Links to an
external site.)
• Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook and noted
readings)
Introduction
As the text points out, causal reasoning is used in clinical studies. As a
professional in the health field, you will undoubtedly be referring to
cause/effect studies for the rest of your professional life. In this discussion,
you are asked to expand and deepen your understanding of clinical
studies.
In 1999, a study on the causes of myopia appeared in the
prestigious journal Nature (Quinn). The study received wide-
spread publicity in leading
newspapers, such as the New York Times, and on television outlets, such as
CBS and CNN. Within a year, another article in Nature followed up the 1999
study (Zadnik et al., 2000). The studies had dramatically different findings.
Initial Post Instructions
Using what you have learned from the text, as well as any other sources you
may find useful (including the website in the Required Resources), analyze and
evaluate the methodology of both studies and how methodology affected the
differences in how the studies were reported.
Reportage of both studies can be found with an Internet search using all of
the following terms: <Philadelphia myopia night lights>.
Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. Further the
dialogue by providing more information and clarification.
Writing Requirements
• Minimum of 3 posts (1 initial & 2 follow-up)
• Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and
an outside source)
, • APA format for in-text citations and list of references
Grading
This activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review
the following link:
• Link (webpage): Discussion Guidelines
Course Outcomes (CO): 3, 4, 5
Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday
Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on
Sunday
References
National Intitute on Aging. (n.d.). What are clinical trials and
studies? https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-are-clinical-
trials-and-studies
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient
lighting at night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114.
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., &
Mutti, D. O. (2000). Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE
study group. Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of ethnicity and
refractive error. Nature, 404(6774), 143-144.
Search entries or author Filter replies by unreadUnreadCollapse replies Expand replies
•
Jason Oakes
Jason Oakes
Apr 21, 2021Local: Apr 21 at 12:44am<br>Course: Apr 20 at
10:44pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Welcome to the causation discussion gang.
, Right off the bat, I want to introduce you to a potential pitfall when
doing casual reasoning and casual arguments: confusing causation
with correlation. This is the problem of thinking that just because
two things are found or occur together, one caused the other.
This video describes this situation about as well as anything I found
(I love this).
So, as you encounter causal claims in this week's discussion,
be sure to seperate causation from correlation.
Stable Causal Relationships Are Better Causal Relationships.
Nadya Vasilyeva, Thomas Blanchard & Tania Lombrozo - 2018 -
Cognitive Science 42 (4):1265-1296.
•
Collapse SubdiscussionChristina Mekhail
Christina Mekhail
Jun 8, 2021Local: Jun 8 at 8:30pm<br>Course: Jun 8 at 6:30pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Hello Professors and Classmates,
For this discussion, I will be analyzing and evaluate both
methodologies shown in both studies.
First and foremost, Myopia is a common affliction (one in four adult
Americans is near-sighted), and juvenile-onset myopia is believed to
be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
These results from animal experiments indicate that light cycles
may affect the development of myopia. These articles have
reported a correlation (before the age of two) between childhood
myopia and night lighting. In this correlation, there were five times
more children with myopia among those who slept with room lights
on than in those who slept in the dark, and an intermediate number
among those sleeping with a dim night-light. However, these
studies were unavailable to find a link between night-time nursery
lighting and the development of myopia in a sample of school
children. Because of this issue, this can involve causation involving
natural sciences (such as biological, chemicals, and/or physical
causation). Causations can also be involved with social sciences
(such as social and/or psychological causation). All in all, causation
is easier to comprehend because it can be measurable and far-
reached, but can also be complicated to measure the elements
involved.
, References:
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999).
Myopia and ambient lighting at night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-
114. Retrieved from
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E.,
Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000). Myopia and ambient night-time
lighting. CLEERE study group. Collaborative longitudinal
evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error. Nature, 404(6774),
143-144. Retrieved from
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
o
Jason Oakes
Jason Oakes
Jun 9, 2021Local: Jun 9 at 9:58pm<br>Course: Jun 9 at
7:58pm Manage Discussion Entry
Good job getting an early start.
o
Oluwasegun Olorunwa
Oluwasegun Olorunwa
Jun 11, 2021Local: Jun 11 at 6:14pm<br>Course:
Jun 11 at 4:14pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Empirical Reasoning
82 unread replies.8282 replies.
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
• Textbook: Chapter 14
• Lesson 1, 2
• Link (library article): Myopia and Ambient Lighting at Night (Links to
an external site.)
• Link (library article): Myopia and Ambient Night-Time Lighting
(Links to an external site.)
• Link (website): What Are Clinical Trials and Studies? (Links to an
external site.)
• Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook and noted
readings)
Introduction
As the text points out, causal reasoning is used in clinical studies. As a
professional in the health field, you will undoubtedly be referring to
cause/effect studies for the rest of your professional life. In this discussion,
you are asked to expand and deepen your understanding of clinical
studies.
In 1999, a study on the causes of myopia appeared in the
prestigious journal Nature (Quinn). The study received wide-
spread publicity in leading
newspapers, such as the New York Times, and on television outlets, such as
CBS and CNN. Within a year, another article in Nature followed up the 1999
study (Zadnik et al., 2000). The studies had dramatically different findings.
Initial Post Instructions
Using what you have learned from the text, as well as any other sources you
may find useful (including the website in the Required Resources), analyze and
evaluate the methodology of both studies and how methodology affected the
differences in how the studies were reported.
Reportage of both studies can be found with an Internet search using all of
the following terms: <Philadelphia myopia night lights>.
Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. Further the
dialogue by providing more information and clarification.
Writing Requirements
• Minimum of 3 posts (1 initial & 2 follow-up)
• Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and
an outside source)
, • APA format for in-text citations and list of references
Grading
This activity will be graded using the Discussion Grading Rubric. Please review
the following link:
• Link (webpage): Discussion Guidelines
Course Outcomes (CO): 3, 4, 5
Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday
Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on
Sunday
References
National Intitute on Aging. (n.d.). What are clinical trials and
studies? https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-are-clinical-
trials-and-studies
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient
lighting at night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114.
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., &
Mutti, D. O. (2000). Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE
study group. Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of ethnicity and
refractive error. Nature, 404(6774), 143-144.
Search entries or author Filter replies by unreadUnreadCollapse replies Expand replies
•
Jason Oakes
Jason Oakes
Apr 21, 2021Local: Apr 21 at 12:44am<br>Course: Apr 20 at
10:44pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Welcome to the causation discussion gang.
, Right off the bat, I want to introduce you to a potential pitfall when
doing casual reasoning and casual arguments: confusing causation
with correlation. This is the problem of thinking that just because
two things are found or occur together, one caused the other.
This video describes this situation about as well as anything I found
(I love this).
So, as you encounter causal claims in this week's discussion,
be sure to seperate causation from correlation.
Stable Causal Relationships Are Better Causal Relationships.
Nadya Vasilyeva, Thomas Blanchard & Tania Lombrozo - 2018 -
Cognitive Science 42 (4):1265-1296.
•
Collapse SubdiscussionChristina Mekhail
Christina Mekhail
Jun 8, 2021Local: Jun 8 at 8:30pm<br>Course: Jun 8 at 6:30pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Hello Professors and Classmates,
For this discussion, I will be analyzing and evaluate both
methodologies shown in both studies.
First and foremost, Myopia is a common affliction (one in four adult
Americans is near-sighted), and juvenile-onset myopia is believed to
be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
These results from animal experiments indicate that light cycles
may affect the development of myopia. These articles have
reported a correlation (before the age of two) between childhood
myopia and night lighting. In this correlation, there were five times
more children with myopia among those who slept with room lights
on than in those who slept in the dark, and an intermediate number
among those sleeping with a dim night-light. However, these
studies were unavailable to find a link between night-time nursery
lighting and the development of myopia in a sample of school
children. Because of this issue, this can involve causation involving
natural sciences (such as biological, chemicals, and/or physical
causation). Causations can also be involved with social sciences
(such as social and/or psychological causation). All in all, causation
is easier to comprehend because it can be measurable and far-
reached, but can also be complicated to measure the elements
involved.
, References:
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999).
Myopia and ambient lighting at night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-
114. Retrieved from
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E.,
Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000). Myopia and ambient night-time
lighting. CLEERE study group. Collaborative longitudinal
evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error. Nature, 404(6774),
143-144. Retrieved from
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
o
Jason Oakes
Jason Oakes
Jun 9, 2021Local: Jun 9 at 9:58pm<br>Course: Jun 9 at
7:58pm Manage Discussion Entry
Good job getting an early start.
o
Oluwasegun Olorunwa
Oluwasegun Olorunwa
Jun 11, 2021Local: Jun 11 at 6:14pm<br>Course:
Jun 11 at 4:14pm
Manage Discussion Entry
