LIST OF TABLE
Table-1.1 Shows the diameters (in m) of the pores for zeolite A, X and Y as well
as the pore volumes (in %). 4
Table-1.2: Manufacturing Capacity and Consumption of Zeolite A in Detergent
Industry in 1995 (in 103 tons per annum) 9
Table-2.1: Properties of Natural Jordanian Kaolin 20
Table 3.1: Gantt Chart 23
Table 3.2: Cost Analysis 24
Table 4.1. Results 28
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Chemical structures of zeolite 1
Figure 1.2; Schematic of the building unit of zeolite structures 2
Figure 1.3 Diagram showing the relationship between the tetrahedral, the PBU
and the SBU 4
Figure 1.4 Some of the case building units in zeolites 5
1
,Figure 1.5: Examples of the three main pore systems found in zeolite 5
Figure 1.6 Schematic of the bronsted acid sites in zeolite materials 8
Figure 1.7 Chart showing the percentage utilization of synthetic zeolite in 200811
Figure 2.1 XRD patterns of Jordanian kaolin (a) and metakaolin at 650 C (b) 21
Figure 2.2 SEM micrographs showing the occurrence of zeolite A 22
Figure 3.1 Kaolin 26
Figure 3.2 Analytical balance 26
Figure 3.3 XRD analytical diagram 26
Figure 3.4 Sodium Chloride Pellet 27
Figure 3.5 Oven 27
Figure 3.6 X-ray diffraction machine 27
Figure 4.1 Expected SEM micrograph of raw Erusu Akoko Kaolin at 500x
magnification 29
Figure 4.2 Expected SEM image for synthesized zeolite A sample 30
Figure 4.3 Expected X-ray diffraction patterns for raw Erusu Akoko 30
Table of content
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Table of Contents viii
2
, Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Significance of study 9
1.3 Definitions of terms
1.4 Statement of problem 15
1.5 Aims of study 15
1.6 Objective of study 15
1.7 Scope of study 15
1.8 Limitation of Study 16
1.9 Research problem 16
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical framework 17
2.2 Review of past work 18
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOG
23
3.1 Cost Analysis 24
3.2 Methodology 24
3.3 Materials
3.4 Project Plan_Gnatt Chart 26
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATIONS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Result 28
4.2 Scanning Electron micrographs 29
4.3 Discussion 31
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 32
3
, 5.2 Recommendation 32
References 34
ABSTRACT
Zeolite is a large group of minirals consisting of hydrated aluminosilicates of sodium
potassium, calcium and barium.This work describes the development of a process to
produce zeolite from clay mineral. The beneficiated kaolin clay will be converted to
metakaolin at the range of 600⁰C to 850⁰C, and then leached with sulphuric acid to
achieve the required silica-alumina ratio for zeolite synthesis. An alkaline fusion stage
would be carried-out to transform the metakaolin into zeolite.The Identification of
the crystalline phase will be characterized by the following analytical instruments_X-
Ray Diffraction (XRD),x_ray florescence (XRF),Fourier_transmissiom infrared
( FTIR),Scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Also the following parameter will be
determined :surface area of the Zeolite and pore volume of the synthesized zeolite.
Finally the prepared zeolite will be used to carry out waste water treatment , energy
recovery from water plastic. The results from all the analysis will be used to confirm
the possibility of producing zeolite from Nigeria local clay (kaolin)
4
Table-1.1 Shows the diameters (in m) of the pores for zeolite A, X and Y as well
as the pore volumes (in %). 4
Table-1.2: Manufacturing Capacity and Consumption of Zeolite A in Detergent
Industry in 1995 (in 103 tons per annum) 9
Table-2.1: Properties of Natural Jordanian Kaolin 20
Table 3.1: Gantt Chart 23
Table 3.2: Cost Analysis 24
Table 4.1. Results 28
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Chemical structures of zeolite 1
Figure 1.2; Schematic of the building unit of zeolite structures 2
Figure 1.3 Diagram showing the relationship between the tetrahedral, the PBU
and the SBU 4
Figure 1.4 Some of the case building units in zeolites 5
1
,Figure 1.5: Examples of the three main pore systems found in zeolite 5
Figure 1.6 Schematic of the bronsted acid sites in zeolite materials 8
Figure 1.7 Chart showing the percentage utilization of synthetic zeolite in 200811
Figure 2.1 XRD patterns of Jordanian kaolin (a) and metakaolin at 650 C (b) 21
Figure 2.2 SEM micrographs showing the occurrence of zeolite A 22
Figure 3.1 Kaolin 26
Figure 3.2 Analytical balance 26
Figure 3.3 XRD analytical diagram 26
Figure 3.4 Sodium Chloride Pellet 27
Figure 3.5 Oven 27
Figure 3.6 X-ray diffraction machine 27
Figure 4.1 Expected SEM micrograph of raw Erusu Akoko Kaolin at 500x
magnification 29
Figure 4.2 Expected SEM image for synthesized zeolite A sample 30
Figure 4.3 Expected X-ray diffraction patterns for raw Erusu Akoko 30
Table of content
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures vii
Table of Contents viii
2
, Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Significance of study 9
1.3 Definitions of terms
1.4 Statement of problem 15
1.5 Aims of study 15
1.6 Objective of study 15
1.7 Scope of study 15
1.8 Limitation of Study 16
1.9 Research problem 16
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical framework 17
2.2 Review of past work 18
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOG
23
3.1 Cost Analysis 24
3.2 Methodology 24
3.3 Materials
3.4 Project Plan_Gnatt Chart 26
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATIONS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Result 28
4.2 Scanning Electron micrographs 29
4.3 Discussion 31
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 32
3
, 5.2 Recommendation 32
References 34
ABSTRACT
Zeolite is a large group of minirals consisting of hydrated aluminosilicates of sodium
potassium, calcium and barium.This work describes the development of a process to
produce zeolite from clay mineral. The beneficiated kaolin clay will be converted to
metakaolin at the range of 600⁰C to 850⁰C, and then leached with sulphuric acid to
achieve the required silica-alumina ratio for zeolite synthesis. An alkaline fusion stage
would be carried-out to transform the metakaolin into zeolite.The Identification of
the crystalline phase will be characterized by the following analytical instruments_X-
Ray Diffraction (XRD),x_ray florescence (XRF),Fourier_transmissiom infrared
( FTIR),Scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Also the following parameter will be
determined :surface area of the Zeolite and pore volume of the synthesized zeolite.
Finally the prepared zeolite will be used to carry out waste water treatment , energy
recovery from water plastic. The results from all the analysis will be used to confirm
the possibility of producing zeolite from Nigeria local clay (kaolin)
4
