Immunity 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

Immunity A physiologic process that provides an individual with protection or defense from disease. What are the antecedents of Immunity? -Intact non specific defenses or barriers. -Functional lymphatic system. -Optimal innate immune response. -Functional inflammatory response. -Appropriate adaptive (acquired) immune response - active and passive. Interrelated concepts are concepts which can affect change in the other, concepts which work together to ensure a normal process and concepts which if depleted or impaired can cause a negative consequence in the other. What are the interrelated concepts of immunity? -TISSUE INTEGRITY. -CELLULAR REGULATION. -Comfort. -Coping. -NUTRITION. -Mobility. -Functional ability. -Thermoregulation. A sub-concept is a critical component of the major component. What are the sub concepts of immunity? -Inflammatory response. -Infectious response. -Immune response. What are the attributes of immunity? -Normal WBC and differential counts (labs). -Negative bacterial and viral cultures. -Soft, non tender lymph nodes. -Recognition of self. -Recognition of foreign proteins. What are the positive consequences (outcomes) of immunity? -Replaces damaged tissue and cells with repaired or functional tissue (healing). -Recognizes and removes cell mutations that have demonstrated abnormal cell growth and development. -Protects from invasion of micro organisms and other antigens. What are the negative consequences (outcomes) of immunity? -Infection: localized or systemic. -Cancer. -Immune suppression. -Immune deficiency. -Chronic inflammatory response. -Exaggerated immune response: allergic, cytotoxic or autoimmune reaction. What are the two types of immunity? -Innate immunity. -Acquired immunity. (Passive or Active) Innate immunity -Restricts entry or immediately responds to a foreign organism (antigen) through the activation of phagocytic cells, complement, and inflammation. -temporary immunity that does not have memory of past exposures. -Intact skin, the body's first line of defense. -Mucous membranes, secretions, enzymes, phagocytic cells, and protective proteins. Acquired immunity aka Specific adaptive immunity -Allows the body to make antibodies in response to a foreign organism (antigen). -Requires time to react to antigens. -Provides permanent immunity. -Involves B- and T- lymphocytes. -Produces specific antibodies against specific antigens. What are the two different types of acquired immunity? -Active and passive. -Active develops after the introduction of foreign antigens. -Passive develops when body is introduced preformed antibodies. (Ex: mothers milk). Major histocompatibility complex Surface proteins differentiate cells of the self (host) from non self (foreign) proteins. Cells associated with immune response -B & T lymphocytes. -Phagocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, etc.). Primary lymphoid organs -Thymus. -Bone marrow. Secondary lymphoid organs -Tonsils and adenoids. -Spleen. -Lymphoid nodes. -Peyer's patches. -Appendix. What are the two types of suppressed immune response? 1. Primary immunodeficiency. 2. Secondary immunodeficiency. -Intentional OR -Adverse side effect of treatment. Consequences of suppressed immune response -Infection. -Cancer. Consequences of exaggerated immune response -Acute hypersensitive reaction. -Chronic body wide system disease. Exaggerated immune functioning symptoms -Allergic symptoms. -Pain. -Fatigue. -Fever. Suppressed immune functioning symptoms -Report of frequent infections. -Report of poor wound healing. -Fatigue. -Malaise. -Weight loss. What are some of the primary preventions for immunity? -Immunizations -Avoid high risk behaviors -Adequate nutrition -Exercise -Infection control measures Secondary prevention for immunity -No routine screenings for general population -HIV screening for those with high risk factors The chain of infection (the infection process) 1. Causative agent: bacteria, virus, fungus, prion, parasite. 2. Reservoir: human, animal, water, soil, insects. 3. Portal of exit from the host. 4. Mode of transmission: contact, droplet, airborne. 5. Portal of entry to the host. 6. Susceptible host. (ATI readings) A nurse should assess each client for the risks of infection specific to the client, the disease or injury, and the environment. The most common risks include: 1. Inadequate hand hygiene. The client or the caregivers. 2. Individuals who have compromised health or defenses against infection, which include: -those who are immune compromised. -those who have had surgery. -those with I dwelling devices. -a break in the skin. (The body's best protection against infection.) -those with poor oxygenation. -those with impaired circulation. -those who have chronic or acute disease such as diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency, renal failure, or chronic lunch disease. 3. Caregivers using medical or surgical asepsis that does not follow the established standards. 4. Clients who have poor personal hygiene or poor nutrition, smoke, or consume excessive amounts of alcohol, and those experiencing stress. 5. clients who live in a very crowded enviroment. 6. older adult clients . 7. individuals that make poor lifestyle choices that put them at risk. 8. clients who have recently been exposed to poor sanitation etc. What is the purpose/goal of primary prevention? To promote health and prevent development of disease. Are vaccines considered active or passive immunity? Active What is the meaning of interrelated concepts? Interrelated concepts are concepts which can affect change in the other, concepts which work together to ensure a normal process and concepts which is depleted or impaired can cause a negative consequence in the other.