NURS611-PATHO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2022 UPDATE1
1.What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium
b. Decreases serum magnesium
c. Decreases serum calcium
d. Increases serum magnesium
Decreases serum calcium. Hyperphosphatemia leads to hypocalcemia. Remember that
phos and calcium are inversely related.
2. Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
d. Phosphorus
Potassium. Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and
magnesium.
3. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-
adrenergic receptor?
a. Calcium
b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Second-messenger molecules are the initial
link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell. For example, the
binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic–receptor subtype activates (through a
stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the
conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP.
4. Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example
of which type of regulation?
a. Negative feedback
b. Neural
c. Positive feedback
d. Physiologic
Neural. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the
cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or
certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-
induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of
hormones.
5. Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein?
a. Angiotensin II
b. Estrogen
c. Thyroxine
,NURS611-PATHO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2022 UPDATE2
d. Testosterone
Angiotensin II. Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the
binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor,
activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma
membrane.
6. The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a. Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. Is continuously synthesized.
c. Acts as a second messenger.
d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
Acts as a second messenger. In addition to being an important ion that participates in a
multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is considered an important second messenger.
7. Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
b. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
c. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells. Once synthesized in the hypothalamus, ADH acts on
the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct cells to increase their permeability.
8. How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn of the system.
Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. Negative-
feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic ranges.
The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic
conditions. Excessive hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn of
the system, can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions.
9. A deficiency of which chemical may result in hypothyroidism?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodine
d. Magnesium
Zinc. The only cause of hypothyroidism from among the provided options is a deficiency
of endemic iodine.
10. What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone
a. Increased serum calcium levels
b. Decreased serum magnesium levels
c. Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
The overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to
decrease serum phosphate concentration.
11. Which condition may result from pressure exerted by a pituitary tumor?
,NURS611-PATHO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2022 UPDATE3
a. Hypothyroidism
b. Diabetes insipidus
c. Hypercortisolism
d. Insulin hyposecretion
Hypothyroidism. If the tumor exerts sufficient pressure, then thyroid and adrenal
hypofunction may occur because of lack of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). These result in the symptoms of hypothyroidism
and hypocortisolism.
12. Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a. Thyroxine
b. Follicle-stimulating hormone
c. Aldosterone
d. Insulin
Insulin. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and
parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms.
13. Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
a. Cortisol
b. Epinephrine
c. Oxytocin
d. Growth hormone
Cortisol. Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily
bound to a carrier or transport protein in circulation.
14. Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a. Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b. Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c. Bound to a water soluble–binding protein
d. Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry
Free in an unbound, water-soluble form. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin,
pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free
(unbound) forms.
15. When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by
the muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a
hormone?
a. Pharmacologic
b. Synergistic
c. Permissive
d. Direct
Direct. Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result
from the stimulation by a particular hormone.
16. Graves disease develops from a(n):
a. Viral infection of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of
thyroid hormone.
b. Autoimmune process during which lymphocytes and fibrous tissue
replace thyroid tissue.
, NURS611-PATHO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2022 UPDATE4
c. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that causes overproduction of
thyroid hormones.
d. Ingestion of goitrogens that inhibits the synthesis of the thyroid
hormones, causing a goiter.
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that causes the overproduction of thyroid
hormones. The pathologic features of Graves disease indicates that normal regulatory
mechanisms are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the
stimulation of excessive TH.
17. Pathologic changes associated with Graves disease include:
a. High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins
b. Diminished levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone
c. High levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Diminished levels of thyroid-binding globulin
High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. The only option that
correctly describes the changes associated with Graves disease identifies high levels of
circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that are found in more than 95% of
individuals diagnosed with the disease.
18. The signs of thyrotoxic crisis include:
a. Constipation with gastric distention
b. Hyperthermia and tachycardia
c. Bradycardia and bradypnea
d. Constipation and
lethargy Hyperthermia and
tachycardia
19. The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in individuals with Graves disease
is usually:
a. High
b. Normal
c. Low
d. In constant flux
Low. The hyperfunction of the thyroid gland leads to suppression of TSH because of
the normal negative feedback mechanism.
20. Palpation of the neck of a person diagnosed with Graves disease would detect a
thyroid that is:
a. Left of midline
b. Normal in size
c. Small with discrete nodules
d. Diffusely enlarged
Diffusely enlarged.
21. The effects of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
secretion include solute:
a. Retention and water retention
b. Dilution and water retention
c. Retention and water loss
d. Dilution and water loss
1.What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on other electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium
b. Decreases serum magnesium
c. Decreases serum calcium
d. Increases serum magnesium
Decreases serum calcium. Hyperphosphatemia leads to hypocalcemia. Remember that
phos and calcium are inversely related.
2. Insulin transports which electrolyte in the cell?
a. Potassium
b. Sodium
c. Calcium
d. Phosphorus
Potassium. Insulin facilitates the intracellular transport of potassium, phosphate, and
magnesium.
3. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a β-
adrenergic receptor?
a. Calcium
b. Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
c. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
d. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Second-messenger molecules are the initial
link between the first signal (hormone) and the inside of the cell. For example, the
binding of epinephrine to a β adrenergic–receptor subtype activates (through a
stimulatory G protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the
conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP.
4. Regulation of the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is an example
of which type of regulation?
a. Negative feedback
b. Neural
c. Positive feedback
d. Physiologic
Neural. The release of hormones occurs either in response to an alteration in the
cellular environment or in the process of maintaining a regulated level of certain hormones or
certain substances. Several different mechanisms, one of which is neural control (e.g., stress-
induced release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla), regulate the release of
hormones.
5. Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (Ca++) bind to activate
phospholipase C through a G protein?
a. Angiotensin II
b. Estrogen
c. Thyroxine
,NURS611-PATHO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2022 UPDATE2
d. Testosterone
Angiotensin II. Ca++ is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the
binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor,
activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma
membrane.
6. The control of calcium in cells is important because it:
a. Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. Is continuously synthesized.
c. Acts as a second messenger.
d. Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
Acts as a second messenger. In addition to being an important ion that participates in a
multitude of cellular actions, Ca++ is considered an important second messenger.
7. Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
b. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
c. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells. Once synthesized in the hypothalamus, ADH acts on
the vasopressin 2 (V2) receptors of the renal duct cells to increase their permeability.
8. How does a faulty negative-feedback mechanism result in a hormonal imbalance?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn of the system.
Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. Negative-
feedback systems are important in maintaining hormones within physiologic ranges.
The lack of negative-feedback inhibition on hormonal release often results in pathologic
conditions. Excessive hormone production, which is the result of the failure to turn of
the system, can cause various hormonal imbalances and related conditions.
9. A deficiency of which chemical may result in hypothyroidism?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodine
d. Magnesium
Zinc. The only cause of hypothyroidism from among the provided options is a deficiency
of endemic iodine.
10. What imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid hormone
a. Increased serum calcium levels
b. Decreased serum magnesium levels
c. Decreased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
The overall effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)is to increase serum calcium and to
decrease serum phosphate concentration.
11. Which condition may result from pressure exerted by a pituitary tumor?
,NURS611-PATHO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2022 UPDATE3
a. Hypothyroidism
b. Diabetes insipidus
c. Hypercortisolism
d. Insulin hyposecretion
Hypothyroidism. If the tumor exerts sufficient pressure, then thyroid and adrenal
hypofunction may occur because of lack of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). These result in the symptoms of hypothyroidism
and hypocortisolism.
12. Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone?
a. Thyroxine
b. Follicle-stimulating hormone
c. Aldosterone
d. Insulin
Insulin. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic, and
parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms.
13. Which of the following is a lipid-soluble hormone?
a. Cortisol
b. Epinephrine
c. Oxytocin
d. Growth hormone
Cortisol. Cortisol and adrenal androgens are lipid-soluble hormones and are primarily
bound to a carrier or transport protein in circulation.
14. Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream and are:
a. Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b. Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c. Bound to a water soluble–binding protein
d. Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry
Free in an unbound, water-soluble form. Peptide or protein hormones, such as insulin,
pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid, are water soluble and circulate in free
(unbound) forms.
15. When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by
the muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a
hormone?
a. Pharmacologic
b. Synergistic
c. Permissive
d. Direct
Direct. Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically result
from the stimulation by a particular hormone.
16. Graves disease develops from a(n):
a. Viral infection of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of
thyroid hormone.
b. Autoimmune process during which lymphocytes and fibrous tissue
replace thyroid tissue.
, NURS611-PATHO EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2022 UPDATE4
c. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that causes overproduction of
thyroid hormones.
d. Ingestion of goitrogens that inhibits the synthesis of the thyroid
hormones, causing a goiter.
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that causes the overproduction of thyroid
hormones. The pathologic features of Graves disease indicates that normal regulatory
mechanisms are overridden by abnormal immunologic mechanisms that result in the
stimulation of excessive TH.
17. Pathologic changes associated with Graves disease include:
a. High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins
b. Diminished levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone
c. High levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Diminished levels of thyroid-binding globulin
High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins. The only option that
correctly describes the changes associated with Graves disease identifies high levels of
circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins that are found in more than 95% of
individuals diagnosed with the disease.
18. The signs of thyrotoxic crisis include:
a. Constipation with gastric distention
b. Hyperthermia and tachycardia
c. Bradycardia and bradypnea
d. Constipation and
lethargy Hyperthermia and
tachycardia
19. The level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in individuals with Graves disease
is usually:
a. High
b. Normal
c. Low
d. In constant flux
Low. The hyperfunction of the thyroid gland leads to suppression of TSH because of
the normal negative feedback mechanism.
20. Palpation of the neck of a person diagnosed with Graves disease would detect a
thyroid that is:
a. Left of midline
b. Normal in size
c. Small with discrete nodules
d. Diffusely enlarged
Diffusely enlarged.
21. The effects of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
secretion include solute:
a. Retention and water retention
b. Dilution and water retention
c. Retention and water loss
d. Dilution and water loss
