BIOL 2452 ATI EXAM-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2022
INTRAPERITONEAL RETROPERITONEAL
- covered in visceral peritoneum - Outside of the abdominal cavity
- Stomach - Colon
- Uterus - Duodenum
- Liver - bladder
- Ureter - Kidney
- Transverse colon
- Spleen
- Uterus
- Ileum
- Appendix
- Jejunum
● Tissues that make up the serous membranes
1. Lining the outer wall of abdominal cavity = Parietal
2. Serosa of the stomach = visceral
3. Lining the outer wall of the thoracic cavity = parietal pleura (lung)
4. Attached to the surface of the heart = pericardium
5. What is found between the visceral and parietal layers of a serous
membrane?
Fluid
Structures where food passes through
Mouth : teeth, tongue, and salivary glands
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum ( Accessory: Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder)
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum ( appendix)
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
,BIOL 2452 ATI EXAM-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2022
Tissues that make up the four histological layers of organs in the GI tract
GI tract :
Pg 3 in lecture notes
Respiratory :
139 -144
Urinary:
Histology : 160-163
PCT: 165
Loop of henle: 167
DCT: 168
Ureter: 174
Bladder: 175
Urethra: 176
Reproduction
Microscopic Anatomy : 222
Fallopian Tube : 224
Uterus: 225
Vagina: 227-228
Mammary glands: 228
Epididymis: 231
Testes: 229
Ductus Deferens: 232
Ejacalory duct : 232
Urethra: 233
Penis (; : 233
Accessory Sex glands: 223-224
When does an organ have an adventitia instead of a serosa?
- When they are outside of the intraperitoneal cavity
- Ex: Trachea, Esophagus, mouth, tongue, penis
Peristalsis( pg, 8)
- Contraction of the muscularis layer
,BIOL 2452 ATI EXAM-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2022
- Smooth muscle contractions “milk” food through the digestive tract due to the
contraction of the circular and longitudinal layers in the muscularis externa
Tissues For Peristalsis
- Smooth muscle
- Circular
- Longitudinal layer ( of the muscularis externa)
- Nervous Control: Parasympathetic
Organs that undergo peristalsis
Urinary System
- Urethra
Digestive systems
- Esophagus
- Small intestines
Reproductive:
- Urethra
- Penis
- Fallopian tube
- Uterus - contraction of the myometrium wall
Enzymes Review:
LN : 30
,BIOL 2452 ATI EXAM-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2022
Enzymes:
- Amylase : breaks down carbs in the mouth , initiates the digestion of carbs in the
form of starches by catalyzing the hydrolysis of polysaccharides-------> into
disaccharides, to make them smaller.
Origin : mouth / Acinar cells in the parotid gland
- Pepsin: endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides
Origin: Stomach (Chief Cells)
- Trypsin : pancreatic enzyme (trypsinogen) , when it gets to the duodenum it
becomes trypsin.
Origin: duodenum -----> trypsin (activates) ----> chymotrypsinogen----->
chymotrypsin
- Lipase:
Acinar cells in the pancreas break down dietary fat molecules into fatty
acids and glycerol.
- Lactase
Is an enzyme in the brush border it breaks down sugar
It will further digest a disaccharide in the small intestines (jejunum)
Embedded in the microvilli
Enzymes that are released as proenzymes
- Pepsin
- Trypsin
- Chymotrypsin
PROENZYME ENZYME HOW ARE THEY
ACTIVATED?
Pepsinogen Pepsin Activated by HCL
Trypsinogen (pancreas) Trypsin Activated by enterokinase
Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin Activated by Trypsin
INTRAPERITONEAL RETROPERITONEAL
- covered in visceral peritoneum - Outside of the abdominal cavity
- Stomach - Colon
- Uterus - Duodenum
- Liver - bladder
- Ureter - Kidney
- Transverse colon
- Spleen
- Uterus
- Ileum
- Appendix
- Jejunum
● Tissues that make up the serous membranes
1. Lining the outer wall of abdominal cavity = Parietal
2. Serosa of the stomach = visceral
3. Lining the outer wall of the thoracic cavity = parietal pleura (lung)
4. Attached to the surface of the heart = pericardium
5. What is found between the visceral and parietal layers of a serous
membrane?
Fluid
Structures where food passes through
Mouth : teeth, tongue, and salivary glands
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum ( Accessory: Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder)
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum ( appendix)
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
,BIOL 2452 ATI EXAM-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2022
Tissues that make up the four histological layers of organs in the GI tract
GI tract :
Pg 3 in lecture notes
Respiratory :
139 -144
Urinary:
Histology : 160-163
PCT: 165
Loop of henle: 167
DCT: 168
Ureter: 174
Bladder: 175
Urethra: 176
Reproduction
Microscopic Anatomy : 222
Fallopian Tube : 224
Uterus: 225
Vagina: 227-228
Mammary glands: 228
Epididymis: 231
Testes: 229
Ductus Deferens: 232
Ejacalory duct : 232
Urethra: 233
Penis (; : 233
Accessory Sex glands: 223-224
When does an organ have an adventitia instead of a serosa?
- When they are outside of the intraperitoneal cavity
- Ex: Trachea, Esophagus, mouth, tongue, penis
Peristalsis( pg, 8)
- Contraction of the muscularis layer
,BIOL 2452 ATI EXAM-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2022
- Smooth muscle contractions “milk” food through the digestive tract due to the
contraction of the circular and longitudinal layers in the muscularis externa
Tissues For Peristalsis
- Smooth muscle
- Circular
- Longitudinal layer ( of the muscularis externa)
- Nervous Control: Parasympathetic
Organs that undergo peristalsis
Urinary System
- Urethra
Digestive systems
- Esophagus
- Small intestines
Reproductive:
- Urethra
- Penis
- Fallopian tube
- Uterus - contraction of the myometrium wall
Enzymes Review:
LN : 30
,BIOL 2452 ATI EXAM-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2022
Enzymes:
- Amylase : breaks down carbs in the mouth , initiates the digestion of carbs in the
form of starches by catalyzing the hydrolysis of polysaccharides-------> into
disaccharides, to make them smaller.
Origin : mouth / Acinar cells in the parotid gland
- Pepsin: endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides
Origin: Stomach (Chief Cells)
- Trypsin : pancreatic enzyme (trypsinogen) , when it gets to the duodenum it
becomes trypsin.
Origin: duodenum -----> trypsin (activates) ----> chymotrypsinogen----->
chymotrypsin
- Lipase:
Acinar cells in the pancreas break down dietary fat molecules into fatty
acids and glycerol.
- Lactase
Is an enzyme in the brush border it breaks down sugar
It will further digest a disaccharide in the small intestines (jejunum)
Embedded in the microvilli
Enzymes that are released as proenzymes
- Pepsin
- Trypsin
- Chymotrypsin
PROENZYME ENZYME HOW ARE THEY
ACTIVATED?
Pepsinogen Pepsin Activated by HCL
Trypsinogen (pancreas) Trypsin Activated by enterokinase
Chymotrypsinogen Chymotrypsin Activated by Trypsin
