Standards of Practice - CORE CHI Healthcare Interpreter Exam study set Already Passed

Standards of Practice - CORE CHI Healthcare Interpreter Exam study set Already Passed Accuracy Standard of practice which enables other parties to know precisely what each speaker has said. Managing flow of communication Asking speakers to pause, speed up, slow down, etc. are ways of ensuring accuracy by... Maintaining transparency Saying, "As the interpreter speaking, I did not understand what was just said, so I'm going to request clarification" shows that the interpreter is... Confidentiality Standard of practice which honors the private and personal nature of the health care interaction and maintain trust among all parties. Impartiality Standard of practice which eliminates the effect of interpreter bias or preference. Conflict of Interest An example of this would be interpreting for a close friend or family member. Interpreter would need to disclose this to staff. Respect Standard of practice which requires the interpreter to acknowledge the inherent dignity of all parties in the interpreted encounter. Promotion of patient autonomy Directing patients toward the appropriate resources if help requested is beyond our code of ethics/ability to give (i.e., directing them toward a taxi service if they request a ride home) Cultural awareness Standard of practice which requires the interpreter to facilitate communication across cultural differences. Role Boundaries Standard of practice which requires the interpreter to clarify the scope and limits of the interpreting role, in order to avoid conflicts of interest. The interpreter limits their interactions to those of an interpreter and would never give medical advice or ask/answer overly personal questions during conversation with the patient. Professionalism Standard of practice which upholds the public's trust in the interpreting profession. Skill limitations (with professionalism) For example, an interpreter who is unfamiliar with a highly technical medical term asks for an explanation before continuing to interpret. Professional development Standard of practice which aspires to attain the highest possible level of competence and service. Advocacy (S of P) Standard of practice which seeks to prevent harm to parties that the interpreter serves. Advocacy an action taken on behalf of an individual that goes beyond facilitating communication, with the intention of supporting good health outcomes. In general, it means that a third party (in this case, the interpreter) speaks for or pleads the cause of another party, thereby departing from an impartial role. Register A stylistic level of language used by a speaker. A speaker's choice of this is generally adapted to a particular topic, the parties spoken to, and the perceived formality of the situation. Allopathic medicine mainstream medical care in the US, use of drugs and surgery to combat disease Alternative/complimentary medicine health care practices that aren't considered part of mainstream medical treatment, may include acupuncture, herbal remedies, etc resident person who has recieved a medical degree and is practicing medicine, usually under supervision attending physician doctors who have finished their education and have the primary responsibility for patients fellow medical doctor who is pursuing additional training in a specialty field generalist MD or DO who specializes in internal medicine, family practice, or pediatrics, rather than specific disease or body sustem osteopath/Doc of osteopathy (DO) Evaluates and treats illnesses just as an MD would but with a "whole person" approach, including manipulative treatment of bones and muscles Physician Assistant May provide health care services under the supervision of a physician, such as history taking, physical examination, and diagnosis. Registered Nurse (RN) Graduated from nursing program, passed state board exam, and is licensed by the state Nurse Practitioner (NP) A registered nurse with graduate training. May save as PCP , can prescribe medicine Cardiovascular system moves blood within our bodies, carrying food and oxygen that our bodies need, as well as waste materials produced. Helps keep body temp stable arteries carry blood AWAY from heart, high in oxygen blood Capillaries tiny thin blood vessels, carry nutrients and oxygen into cells, transports waste and CO2 away from cells Veins VENIR al corazón, one way flow aorta largest artery pulmonary artery carries blood away from the heart to the lungs pulmonary veins return blood from lungs to heart superior vena cava brings blood from heard and shoulders to heart inferior vena cava brings blood from abdomen and lower portion of body to heart systolic pressure (upper number) created each time heart beats diastolic pressure (lower number) created each time heart relaxes between beats anemia condition in which blood doesn't carry enough oxygen to the rest of your body. Iron deficiency most common cause aneurysm bulge or ballooning in wall of artery. Can burst and cause dangerous bleeding or death. aneurysm in the brain is a stroke. Medicine and surgery are two main treatments angina pectoris chest pain felt when there isn't enough blood flow to heart muscle. May feel like pressure, squeezing pain, or indigestion. Symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD), buildup of plaque in arteries reducing blood flow arrhythmia problem with rate or rhythm of heartbeat. Means that heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern Tachycardia heart beating faster than normal, type of arrhythmia bradycardia heart beating too slowly, type of arrhythmia atrial fibrillation most common type of arrhythmia, irregular and fast heartbeat congenital heart defects problem with structure of heart, present at birth. Most common type of heart defect. Can involve valves, walls, or arteries and veins near heart. They can disrupt the normal flow of blood through the heart, causing blood to slow down, go in the wrong direction, go to the wrong place, or be blocked completely congestive heart failure condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Can affect one or both sides of the heart. causes blooded fluid to back up into the lungs, buildup of fluid in the feet, ankles and legs (edema), tiredness and shortness of breath. Common causes are coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and diabetes Hypothermia body losing heat faster than it can produce it, leading to abnormally low body temperature. body temperature below 95F is medical emergency myocardial infarction heart attack. Most happen when clot in coronary artery blocks the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart sickle cell anemia disease in which the body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells, shaped like a crescent or sickle. They don't last as long, leading to anemia. They get stuck in blood vessels, leading to blockage, pain, and organ damage. Caused by a genetic problem, need 2 genes for disease to manifest. About 1 in 12 African Americans have 1 gene present. No widely-available cure. Varicose veins swollen twisted veins that you can see under the skin. Most common in legs. Hemorrhoids are a type of varicose vein. Caused by damage or weakness in the one-way valves in veins, causing back-up and pooling, swelling bone marrow transplant carried out when patient's own marrow cannot produce the blood he needs. 1)patient receives chemo to kill diseased bone marrow 2)new bone marrow injected through IV 3)new bone marrow finds the spaces where old marrow was, lodges, and begins producing blood. Very dangerous procedure with possibility of serious infection, rejection of body, or return of disease. Echocardiogram (Echo) pulses of ultrasound are directed through the patient's chest, and the returning echoes are recorded. Shows structure and movement of the heart. Electrocardiogram (EKG) recording of electricity flowing through the heart. Small discs connected to a machine by wires are attached to the patient's chest Exercise tolerance test (ETT) patient walks or jogs on treadmill while technician measures blood pressure, pulse, and takes EKG. Determines how heart responds under stress and identifies areas of weakness Digestive System main function is digestion and absorption of food. Mouth, teeth, and gums begin the process epiglottis flap of skin controlled by the brain, opens and closes to prevent food from entering trachea by mistake small intestine adds digestive enzymes that aid in digestion of food. Composed of three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Here body absorbs nutrients duodenum part of the small intestine in which juices from liver and pancreas are added to help digest food. large intestine Here food is turned into feces and is prepared to be removed from the body. Includes: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, then enters rectum. Large intestine also referred to as the bowel gallbladder empties bile into small intestine to help break down fatty foods pancreas makes digestive juices for small intestine, as well as hormones that control many bodily functions. Part of both digestive system and endocrine system. appendix small tube-like organ attached to first part of large intestine. No known function. Blockage causes appendicitis, which untreated can lead to bursting and infection in abdomen, called peritonitis peritonitis infection in abdomen caused by burst appendix cirrhosis scarring of liver because of injury or long term disease. Cannot perform like healthy liver tissue, so can lead to easy bruising or bleeding, nosebleeds, swelling of abdomen or legs, enlarged veins in esophagus or stomach, kidney failure, jaundice, or gallstones Common causes are chronic alcoholism and hepatitis liver function make protein, help fight infections, clean blood, help digest food, and store energy diarrhea loose watery stool more than three times a day. Causes include bacteria, viruses, parasites, medicines, food intolerances and diseases that affect digestive system constipation person has three or fewer bowl movements per week. gallstones blockage in flow of bile through bile ducts in gall bladder. These form when substances in bile harden. Attacks usually happen after you eat. May include nausea, vomiting, or pain in abdomen, back, or just under right arm. heartburn/ acid reflux painful burning feeling in chest or throat. Happens when stomach acid backs up into esophagus. Gastroenteritis inflammation of lining of intestines caused buy a virus, bacteria, or parasites. second most common illness in us, commonly known as "stomach flu" though not a flu at all. Caused often by noroviris. Hemorrhoids swollen inflamed veins around anus or lower rectum. Inside of anus or under skin surrounding anus. Causes: straining to have bowel movement, pregnancy, aging, chronic constipation or diarrhea hepatitis inflammation of liver; common causes: virus hepatitis A, B, or C, drug or alcohol use, or body mistakenly attacking healthy cells in liver. IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) problem affecting large intestine. Causes abdominal cramping, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, diarrhea, or constipation. Does not harm intestines. Exact cause not known. Peptic ulcer sore in lining of stomach or duodenum. Most common symptom is burning stomach. Common cause is bacteria or non steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine like aspirin and ibuprofen. Gastroenterologist medical specialist that handles health of digestive system endoscopy thin fiberoptic tube with scope on the end, inserted into digestive tract upper endoscopy aka esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD, examination of esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with scope colonoscopy scope used to examine entire colon (large intestine) sigmoidoscopy scope used to examine lower part of small intestine, including sigmoid colon upper GI series (Barium swallow) patient swallows a barium sulfate substance that acts like a dye. Next and x-ray method called fluoroscopy tracks how barium moves through esophagus, stomach, and small intestine Endocrine System (aka ductless gland system) makes hormones that are put into the blood stream and carried to all parts of the body hormones chemical messengers that help control how the body works by controlling bodily functions pituitary gland makes a number of hormones that control different endocrine glands and specific body functions. Also makes a hormones that controls how we grow, as well as one that controls how our kidneys work thyroid gland makes a hormone that controls how fast the metabolic processes work parathyroid gland makes a hormone that controls the level of calcium in the body adrenal gland produce hormones that act on heart rate and blood pressure. Also controls the amount of salt in the body, influences the development of sex organs, and controls other body functions pancreas makes two hormones: insulin and glucagon glucagon hormone that raises the level of glucose in the blood by causing the liver to release glucose back into the blood ovaries produce two female sex hormones: progesterone and estrogen. These control female physical changes during the menstrual cycle. testicles produce a male sex hormone called testosterone. This controls the development of male sex characteristics hormone inbalance common problems of the endocrine system (too much or too little of a hormone) Cushing's syndrome hormonal disorder caused by long-term exposure to cortisol, a hormone made by the adrenal gland. this can happen by taking synthetic hormones, or tumors that cause the body to produce too much cortisol. symptoms: upper body obesity, thin arms and legs, severe fatigue and muscle weakness, high blood pressure and blood sugar, easy bruising Diabetes mellitus disease in which your blood glucose levels are too high due to the inability of insulin to channel the glucose into your cells Diabetes (type 1) disease in which the body does not make insulin Diabetes (type 2) disease in which the body does not make or use insulin well hyperthyroidism condition in which the thyroid makes more thyroid hormones than the body needs. Caused by Grave's disease, thyroid nodules, thyroiditis, or consuming too much iodine. symptoms: mood swings, hand tremors, rapid and irregular heartbeat, frequent BM or diarrhea, weight loss, goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) hypothyroidism condition in which the thyroid is not active enough nd it doesn't make enough thyroid hormone to meet the body's needs. Caused by Hashimoto's disease, thyroid nodules, thyroiditis, congenital hypothyroidism, removal of thyroid, or some medicines. symptoms: weight gain, puffy face, cold intolerance, joint and muscle pain, constipation, dry skin, dry thinning hair, decreased sweating, slowed heartbeat, heavy or irregular menstrual periods and fertility problems Endocrinologist medical specialist who treats hormone imbalances and other problems of the endocrine system ultrasound pulses of sound that are directed at the patient and the returning echoes are recorded to create images of specific portions of the body musculoskeletal system body system made up of bones, joints, and muscles, which protect the body and enable motion joint the point where two or more bones come together. These are padded by cartilage and held together by ligaments muscles bundles of tissue which help the body move and work bones made of flexible fibers and solid material formed from calcium cartilage flexible substance found in joints for cushioning ligaments fibers which hold the joint in place tendons two or more of these attach muscles to bone. skeletal muscles major muscle groups. These work in pairs or coordinated groups muscle fibers these are long and thin, arranged in small bundles, each one controlled by a nerve. Bundles of these contract when stimulated by a nerve. When the impulses stop, it relaxes. In this manner we control body movements. arthritis condition caused by pain and swelling in joints. osteoarthritis most common type of arthritis, related to age or injury autoimmune arthritis type of arthritis which occurs when the body's immune system attacks healthy body cells by mistake. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common variety. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is a form of this disease that occurs in children. Infectious arthritis infection that has spread from another part of the body to the joints. Psoriatic arthritis type of arthritis afflicting people with psoriasis gout arthritis usually beginning in the big toe caused by a surplus of uric acid carpal tunnel syndrome condition affecting the narrow passageway of ligaments and bones at the base of your hand (the carpal tunnel). Thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the nerve to be compressed. Causes pain and numbness fibromyalgia disorder causing muscle pain and fatigue. People with this disorder have "tender points" on the body which hurt when pressure is put on them. fracture a break, usually in a bone. Open fracture, compound fracture where the broken bone punctures the skin stress fractures very small cracks in the bone hernia the bulging of a tissue or an internal organ through a weak area of muscle inguinal hernia located in the groin, most common type umbilical hernia located around the belly button incisional hernia hernia through a scar hiatal hernia small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest congenital diaphragmatic hernia birth defect in which a small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest- requires surgery osteoporosis condition which makes bones weak and more likely to break. sprain stretched or torn ligament strain stretched or torn muscle or tendon orthopedist specializes in bones podiatrist specializes in the health of the feet rheumatologist specializes specifically in arthritis xray nonviable rays of energy produced by an energy produced by an energy source that can penetrate different materials and create a photographic image. For bones computed tomography scan (CT) type of x ray directed through a patient at many different angles. Detect problems in soft tissues magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) same as CT scan but without X-ray. Instead it uses magnetic and radio waves. Nervous system body system which regulates and controls all other body systems central nervous system made up of the brain and the spinal cord peripheral nervous system made up of all the nerves that connect the areas of the body with the brain Nerve cells many of these connect together to make up the nervous system. They are able to organize and conduct messages in the form of small electrical pulses. nerve impulses these small electrical impulses organize and conduct messages between nerve cells. motor nerves send messages from the brain and spinal cord to all other parts of the body sensory nerves pick up messages from the outside of the body and pass them to the brain lens muscles muscles in the eye which bend and change shape and contract which allows the lens to focus incoming light on the nerve endings at the back of the eye cornea transparent part of the eye that covers the lens muscle, iris, and pupil. It is curved in a way that changes the direction of incoming light rays so that it can be focused into an image that we can understand iris colored part of the eye. Controls the amount of light that is able to enter the ey. pupil center part of the iris which opens to let in more light or closes to let in less light. Protects the eye from bright light and allows us to see better in dim light aqueous humor fluid found between the cornea and lens vitreous humor type of fluid found between the lens and the retina retina located at the back of the eye. This is where light is focused onto the nerve fibers that connect to the optic nerve to send images to brain optic nerve nerve at the back of the eye which receives the image from the retinal nerve fibers and transmits the image to the brain middle ear small cavity between the ear drum and the inner ear Eustachian tube connects the inner ear to the back of the nose inner ear filled with fluid and contains auditory nerve endings for hearing and balance cochlea hearing organ of the ear. Turns the sound vibrations into signals that get sent through the auditory nerves Alzheimer's Disease most common form of dementia among older people. Involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Cataract clouding of the lens in the eye cerebral palsy group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance. Areas of the brain that control movement and posture do not develop correctly or get damaged conjunctivitis medical name for pink eye. Inflammation of the outer layer of the eye and the swelling of the eyelid Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) (stroke) a stopping of blood flow to the brain. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die Ischemic stroke cause by blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain hemorrhagic stroke caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain transient ischemic attacks (TIA's) "mini-strokes", occur when blood supply to the brain is briefly interrupted. Dementia group of symptoms caused by disorders that affect the brain. Not a specific disease Epilepsy brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures. These seizures happen when clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out the wrong signals. Seizures sudden abnormal electrical activity in the brain Focal seizures "partial seizures", occur in just one part of the brain generalized seizures complete seizure that happens on both sides of the brain Glaucoma group of diseases that can damage the eye's optic nerve. Causes blindness. Fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises, damaging the optic nerve. tension headaches caused by tight muscles in shoulders, neck, scalp, and jaw. Related to stress, depression, and anxiety parkinson Disease type of movement disorder. Happens when nerve cells in the brain don't produce enough dopamine. Poliomyelitis infectious disease caused by a virus. The virus lives in an infected person's throat and intestines. Most often spread by contact with stool of an infected person. Also transmitted by sneezing or coughing. Can cause paralysis in few cases. Refractive errors Vision problems that happen when the shape of the eye keeps you from focusing well. Neurologist medical specialist that takes care of the health of the nervous system and brain neurosurgeon performs surgery on parts of the nervous system ophthalmologist takes care of the health of the eye optometrist medical specialist that takes care of vision electroencephalogram (EEG) procedure involving recording of the electrical activity in the brain. Can detect seizure activity, tumors, or injuries to the brain Lumbar puncture (LP) aka spinal tap. An incision between two vertebrae removes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a fluid which encases the brain and fills the spinal cord. Pressure of the fluid can be measured, contrast materials can be injected, or medicines can be administered, tests can be run for infections and problems affecting the nervous system Respiratory system system that moves oxygen into the blood stream to be carried to the body and moves gas waste out of the body (CO2) nasal mucous membrane wet layer of tissue that lines the main opening into the lungs. It moistens air as it passes through the nose sinus cavities spaces in the bones of the head that connect to the nose passage larynx "voice box", located in the throat, holds the vocal cords pleura smooth thin lining which holds each lung and allows it to expand and contract in the chest while breathing. bronchi branches of trachea that get smaller as they divide. At the end of each branch are alveoli, small air sacks alveoli small sacks of air that are at the end of each bronchi. The air in these sacks is very close to the blood stream, close enough that oxygen from the air moves through a thin layer of cells into the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air diaphragm "breathing muscle" which is dome shaped and lies under the lungs. It is attached to the lower ribs and helps us breathe. When we breathe in, this muscle is pulled flat and the chest muscles pull our ribs upwards. This opens up the inside of the chest and air is drawn in to fill up this bigger space. When we breathe out, the muscles relax and the space inside the chest gets smaller and pushes the air out asthma chronic disease affecting the airways. The inside walls become sore and swollen, which makes them sensitive, reacting to things that irritate or promote allergies2 bronchitis inflammation of the bronchial tubes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) includes two types: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The main cause is long term exposure to substances that irritate and damage the lungs emphysema type of COPD involving damage to the alveoli. As a result, your body does not get the oxygen it needs. This condition makes it hard to catch your breath. Most common cause is cigarette smoking influenza respiratory infection caused by a number of viruses. Symptoms include chills, aches, sore throat, fever, sore throat. Very common, but can be fatal for elderly, babies, and people with chronic illnesses pneumonia infection in one or both of the lungs. tuberculosis disease caused by bacteria called mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs but can damage other areas of the body. This is spread when an infected person sneezes or talks. pulmonologist specialist in the respiratory system bronchoscopy a light and flexible fiberglass tube is passed through the nose, throat, larynx, and trachea into the lungs to examine the bronchial tubes. Pulmonary Function Test patient is asked to breathe in and blow out as hard and long as possible into a tube connected to a machine that measures lung function. Integumentary system skin system, contains the largest organ in the human body. Protects the body from germs, keeps in heat and moisture, and contains nerves hat sense temperature, pressure, and touch epidermis outer layer of skin dermis inner layer of skin acne common skin disease that causes pimples. These form when hair follicles under your skin clog up. athlete's foot common infection caused by a fungus. Most often affects the space between the toes burns damage to body tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. calluses caused by pressure or friction on the skin. Usually form on the soles of feet or hands corns caused by pressure or friction on the skin. Usually appear on tops or sides of toes eczema term for several different types of skin swelling. Also called dermatitis. Causes red, swollen, and itchy skin Cold sores caused by contagious virus herpes simplex. Type 1 herpes causes cold sores, type 2 causes genital sores. shingles diseased caused by the varicella-zoster virus, same virus that causes chicken pox. If infected as a child, as an older person the virus may resurface in this form. warts growth on skin caused by infection with humanpapilloma virus, or HPV