Community Practice 2023 with complete solution

General about Community Organization Practice (COP) -Tends to find solutions to many human problems in changes to social structure, rather than in individual. -Social problems explained as consequences of structural arrangements rather than resulting from personal inadequacies. Values -Enhancing participatory skills of people by working WITH, not for, them -Developing leadership -Strengthening communities to increase independence -Redistributing resources to increase resources of disadvantaged Models of Practice Locality development; social planning; social action; social reform Can move between models - i.e., in helping to organize an unorganized group of tenants, worker employed locality development strategies.. As group developed a program for remedying problems with landlord, group shifted into social action model Community development program activities Community development tends to emphasize INTEGRATIVE strategies that bring many elements of the community together (*rarely employ social action, i.e., protests*). -Some activities considered primary to community development include: new services & facilities; indigenous movement, & institutional change. -Service creation falls within community development model of organizing I.e., a social worker in neighborhood center helping group of parents concerned about low educational achievement levels among their kids. Worker helps group establish an after-school tutoring & recreation program. Locality development A model of practice - when there is consensus; neighborhood work at improving quality of community life - universal participation, community can come together; consciousness raising; Strengthen the ability of people to work on their common interests Helping to organize an unorganized group of tenants Role of social worker in this model is - data analyzer (assesses & providers information to facilitate a better understanding of community issues) & enabler; coordinator; educator; broker within neighborhood Tactics - consensus & capacity building Examples - formation of self help group - an integrative & community building activity; settlement houses, Peace Corps; block clubs Social planning A model of practice - use of rational problem solving & technical methods to develop new programs or new social welfare organizations; leadership not viewed as enemy or an obstacle; task-oriented problem solving (problem might be lack of child care or mental health services) (issue differences - agreement is possible but may be difficult). -Change strategy - community can resolve own problems & develop increased capacity to solve problems through rational participatory problem solving -Tactics - consensus or conflict Agencies such as welfare councils & councils of social agencies that frequently use FACT GATHERING by experts to deal with substantive social problems -Role of social worker in this model is of service/program planning role (i.e., a social worker with juvenile delinquency prevention experience hired to develop plans with other community agencies & representative members of the community to address local youth recreation needs) Also - fact gathering role, development or problem solving alternatives; analyst role; researcher; reporter; data analyst; program implementer; facilitator Examples - planning homeless shelters or after-school recreation programs Social Action A model of practice - requires easily identifiable target & relatively easily attainable goals; target is usually those community institutions that control & allocate resources; Assumption is that different groups hold interests that are in conflict (assume that there is issue dissensus) Examples - unions, protest groups, the Gay & Lesbian Rights Movement -Change strategy - issues identified, labeled, & describe; individuals affected are helped to take action against powerful community institutions -Worker roles - advocate, activist, negotiator. Worker is committed to cause & pursues it WITH community members. -Tactics - conflict, confrontation, contest, direct action. (Many social workers avoid this approach) Social Reform A model of practice - work w/ other organizations for disadvantaged; i.e., increasing welfare benefits- assume there are issue differences - issue agreement is possible but may be difficult to achieve -Mixture of social action & social planning -Change strategy - fact gathering, publicity to assist disadvantaged populations, lobbying, political pressure -Worker roles - develop coalitions of various groups to pressure for change; changing laws Examples - increasing welfare benefits or services such as child care for working parents Organizational goal types Integrative; socio-therapeutic; environmental Integrative goals Purpose not focused on changing social system - emphasizes further developing existing services for consumers who are in need; don't challenge existing social arrangements - just enhancing/coordinating remedial service; Services are STREAMLINED but not changed Socio-therapeutic goals Primary concern is to raise consciousness & competence; participants encouraged to assume responsibility , develop pride in selves Environmental change goals Substantive change in problem areas - greater the change being sought, more likely that resistance will be encountered Zero Sum Theory Mills concept of elites - asserts a limited amount of power & resources; when 1 group gains power, another must relinquish power making conflict inevitable; Power concentrated in small minority Pluralist concept Dahl - power is decentralized - use regulated by contests between conflicting interests. Rather than elites hoarding it, power is distributed according to specific interests & domains. Power is more fluid & accessible. History of community organization - public services very limited; fearful of poor becoming dependent on charity & manipulating organizations; charity org. movement - progressive era until WWI - rapid urbanization; growing sense that gov. could play role in resolving social problems & reducing suffering - aggressive social reform changes in gov's role in relation to housing/zoning, public health, protection of kids/families; Large scale immigration; increase emphasis on legislative action; settlement houses; more resources - more conservative reaction (postwar); some programs continued but general attitude is to limit involvement in social problems - beginnings of move to professionalize SW & ID more closely with medical field - FDR; social security program; new deal; idea that gov. should provide safety net of programs due to depression; - Post WWII - social emphasis on reintegration of veterans & economic development. Housing & urban redevelopment major public priorities; family issues larger concern - larger reform issues are ignored; COP becomes more accepted as SW method - but functions are identified w/i context of social welfare institutions - community change important to reducing juvenile delinquency (Kennedy); Gray Areas Project - major american cities - redistribution of power & resources; Economic Opportunity Act - new oppos for COP workers to identify with urban communities & refocus on inequality; COP accepted by CWSE as SW method in 1962; War on poverty - Following relatively liberal war on pov. period - period of social reaction that changes nature of COP - discourages comm. participation funded by fed programs; Growth of community based social agency structure & expansion of community based care 1990-present - rising welfare costs plus rapidly growing welfare population - changing perception about value of social programs; problems seen as "family breakdown" by conservatives; TANF; costs of services increasing; methods for controlling abuse of public programs seems to be inadequate; MANAGED care gains support (emphasizes short term methods - cog & behavioral strategies preferred; group & psycho-educational; parenting groups; common-problem groups) United Fund Created in post WWI period () - umbrella org for raising funds & coordinating services of agencies Lane Report Created in post WWI period () - attempts to define COP & consider whether legit form of SW Economic Opportunity Act 1962 - war on poverty - mandates community participation in planning & administering agency services for programs receiving federal funds TANF Temporary Assistance for Needy Families - mid 1990s - limits welfare even for families w/ young kids - combines mandated time limits for assistance, work training, & child care as comprehensive approach reduce use of welfare. Results not clear - many report decreases in caseloads - but advocates for poor state program is leading to widespread misery & costly employment-training & child care components are largely illusory/not real Maximum feasible participation 1960s fed. policy of involving neighborhood residents in self-directed community organization activities & in the determination of program policy; Established during War on Poverty in 60's - required local community action agencies to seek out views of neighborhood residents, & to formally involve them in planning & administering local poverty programs. *Most important feature of these programs was that the fed gov bypassed municipal & state govs to deliver services to poor. While this was a major programmatic strength, also proved to be a politically disastrous policy since local politicians rarely supported the programs w/ Congress Self-help programs Designed to provide services to people w/ similar concerns & problems. Examples include - credit unions, peer tutoring programs, & locally sponsored nonprofit housing corporations Rarely develop effective social action programs. The reasons are rooted in the service orientation that energizes them. Providing services is labor intensive & occupies the energies of members, leaving little room or energy for altering social priorities. AIDS Action An example of an advocacy-brokerage program. Defends the interests of people with HIV/AIDS, agitates for improved services & more research, & provides case services. It's an advocacy org that also brokers services for clients & insures they find services. Broker Type of COP role - linking the community with the agency; bringing groups together & helping to interpret their needs -Mediates & negotiates among different community groups Advocate Type of COP role - "defend" in a contest relationships; sides with the disadvantaged & represents their interests Enabler Type of COP role - involves helping groups identify objective & assisting with the process of attaining them; often in locality development; Objective is to encourage & facilitate the development of structures & institutions I.e., a worker from a family agency assigned to meet with group of mothers from nearby housing development. Many mothers wants & need to work but have no means of caring for kids while they work. Several are interested in developing a cooperative child care center. In working with this group, social worker would most appropriately assume role of enabler — ***Facilitating the group's movement toward solving the service problems that are preventing them from working. Expert Type of COP role - provide data & advice Organizer Type of COP role - joins groups & institutions to take joint action Data Analyzer Type of COP role - often in locality development - assesses & providers information to facilitate a better understanding of community issues Activist Type of COP role - most compatible with advocate role; use bargaining & power tactics, confrontation, & conflict/contest with those who control resources to influence the reallocation of decision-making power & social resources Service Planner Example - a social worker w/ juvenile delinquency prevention experience hired to develop plans with other community agencies & representative members of the community to address local youth recreation needs The Community Action Program of the Office of Economic Opportunity This public program was the 1st systematic effort by the federal government to stimulate the full participation of community residents in planning & operating neighborhood-based social development & social services programs The office of economic opportunity managed the poverty programs of the 60's . Model Cities Program Short-lived program - later than community action program & less aggressive - did require citizen participation Cooptation Occurs when potential opponents are brought into the decision-making process, or are given some small, relatively minor component of what they want. Often the process provides so little gain for the opponents that their credibility among constituents is reduced. Ex. a municipal social services agency seeks to develop consumer advisory board. The board is given little power & many believe that the community leaders on board are simply providing "window dressing." Reasons for use - to recruit members who have specific skills or abilities needed by group that aren't already available; Or to fill vacancies which couldn't be filled by usual process (normal election) Ad hoc committee A committee appointed to accomplish a single function within a specified period without permanent reference to the formal committee structure of the larger organization Civic associations Nonprofit organizations, such as the Lions Club, or community betterment associations devoted to serving the community or to promoting specific community programs or activities 4 Stages of Practice 1 - Socialization Group 2- Primary Group 3 - Organization Development Group 4 - Institutional relations organization Socialization group 1st phase - organize members who lack community consciousness or awareness of possible solutions to local problems or organizational skills -Helps people identify & define some community problems; identifies potential members, meets with community members; facilitates meetings of potential activists; motivates & recruits members; -PRIMARY focus is on process, establishing relationships & building trust & confidence that action can make a difference Primary Group 2nd phase - cultivating group cohesion of new group & developing some goals but not yet addressing more complex major tasks that may seem overwhelming -Still concerned with group cohesion but not focus is to link community's problems to goal development -Task view still secondary Organization Development Group 3rd phase - emphasis still not on completing tasks but on creating organization with program objectives & formulating programs to achieve goals (scheduling regular meetings; electing officers); broaden support; lessen worker's role Institutional Relations Organization 4th phase - more complex directed toward change & negotiation with target system. Worker more heavily involved in technical tasks. Group now working in coalitions with individuals & groups to attain goals. **Primary concern is to achieve tasks & generate change. Cultural Pluralism Smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, & their values & practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws & values of the wider society Administrative Role in Adequately Meeting Staff Needs 1.) procurement planning, recruitment, selection, placement, staff planning, & orientation of employees 2.) development of the work force including training & continuing education 3.) provision of motivational factors that stimulate worker effort & performance 4.) development of maintenance factors including provision of benefits, services, & working conditions that maintain employee commitment Concept of "friendly visitors" is associated with 1. religious outreach 2. the Seebohm report 3. charity organization society 4. the society for the protection of cruelty to children 3 - charity organization society. "Friendly visitors" were precursors to social casework - to individualize charity, sent out visitors to offer guidance to the poor & provide follow up to the planned giving from the specific charities.