WHY APA, AND NOT MLA??? (Lecture 1)
A BRIEF APA TUTORIAL
❖ American Psychological Association (APA) Style
Social Sciences – psychology, sociology
Education
Natural Sciences
Health Sciences
❖ Modern Language Association (MLA)
High School Classes
English Courses
History Courses
Humanities Courses
Important Note!!
❖ Medical Students, Physicians, and Medical Journals Use the American Medical
Association (AMA) Formatting Guide
❖ Nursing Students, Registered Nurses, and Nurse Researchers Use the APA Formatting Guide
APA Style
❖ Developed by social and behavioral scientists
❖ Method to standardize all scientific writing
❖ Used for the following:
Term Papers
Research Papers/Methodological Articles
Theoretical Articles
Empirical Studies
Literature Reviews
Case studies
The Basics
❖ Margins:
• 1 inch margins all around
❖ Type Size and Font
• 12 Point
• Times New Roman
❖ Line Spacing
• Double Spaced Throughout
• Including Title Page
❖ Page Numbers
• Top Right Hand Side (Flush Right) – including title page, reference page,
and appendices!
More Basics
❖ Title Page
• Title of Work
• Name
• School
• Approximately 1/3 down the page
• NO Date, NO Instructor Name
❖ Running Heads
• Running Head – Short Version of Title
• Different First Page!
, • Flush Left – Aligned with Page Numbers
• Example:
Running head: HEALTH INSURANCE (1st page), HEALTH INSURANCE (2nd and all other
pages)
Abstract
Brief One Paragraph Synopsis of the Upcoming Paper
Separate Page Entitled “Abstract” – Centered, Upper and Lower Case, No Bolding
DO NOT Indent This Paragraph! (The Only Time!)
Helpful in Literature Searches – Filtering Articles
OPTIONAL for “Trends” Paper
Always Clarify with Professor if Required!!
Organizing The Paper
❖ Introduction
• Required for All Papers (Including Trends Paper!)
• Similar to Abstract – Outline of Paper
• First Paragraph – Heading Centered, Bold, Upper and Lower Case
❖ Headings and Subheadings
• Only Level 1 Headings Required for Trends
• Centered, Bold, Upper and Lower Case
• Examples: Introduction, Background, Opposing Viewpoints, Impact on
Nursing, Conclusion
• One or More Paragraphs Per Heading
❖ Conclusion
• Summarize Key Points
• Future Reference
Citations/References
❖ Paraphrasing: Your sentence (Author, year).
❖ Direct Quotation: “Your quote” (Author, year, p. 1).
❖ Citing an Author Indirectly: According to Author (Year), your paraphrase.
❖ Citing an Author Directly: According to Author (Year), “Your quote” (p. 1).
❖ Electronic Resources/Agencies: Your statistic (National Weather Service, 2015).
Reference Page
❖ Journal Articles Should Be Current (2013 or more recent)
❖ Books – Most Recent Editions
❖ Separate Page – “References” Centered, No Bold, Upper and Lower Case
❖ Alphabetical Order!!!
❖ Left Flush First Line of Each Reference – Then Indent Every Other Line
❖ Follow APA Guide for No Author and No Date References
❖ Electronic Resources: Retrieved from URL – Check Bottom of Web Page for
Year/Last Updated
Remember!
*Important: Do Not Plagiarize – make sure you give credit to any ideas that are not your own
(You can cite after you paraphrase a few sentences in the same paragraph)
*Important: Use Primary Sources ONLY – if an author quotes another author, go to that original
source
Additional Writing Tips!!
, ❖ Remember the basics of grammar, punctuation, sentence structure – important for
scholarly writing at the baccalaureate level
❖ Avoid “run-on” sentences
❖ Edit and proofread your work!
❖ Each paragraph should have a main idea with supporting details
❖ Try to avoid using “the” as the first word in a paragraph more than once
❖ At least one citation per paragraph
• Not including the abstract, introduction and conclusion
❖ Avoid referring to yourself in the first person
• Use “this author” or “this student”
Alternate Online Resource
Purdue Online Writing Lab
Legal Review and Nursing Organizations (Lecture 2)
● Women’s Rights
◦ 1920 – Women’s Suffrage Amendment
◦ 1963 to 1978 – Legislation Passed in Support of Women’s Rights
Sex discrimination prohibited
Military service opportunities granted
Equal pay and work opportunities (including state and federal agencies)
● Legal Gender Rights
◦ Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – prohibits discrimination against either sex
Divorce/alimony cases
Military service
School enrollment
Work environments
Privacy maintained – physical environment, personal life – no discrimination
◦ Comparable Worth – equal pay for different jobs that require similar training, education,
and responsibility
Nursing/Female Jobs/ “Pink Collar” Jobs
Reduced Retirement Benefits (due to higher female life expectancies)
2009 – Women still earning 71 cents on the dollar compared to men in comparable
jobs (had declined from 1990’s)!!
● Sexual Harassment
◦ Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) – 1980 – Sexual harassment a
violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
◦ 1986 – reaffirmed by Supreme Court – unwelcome sexual conduct prohibited in the work place
◦ Often hard to prove allegations
◦ “Quid Pro Quo” – demand for sexual favors in exchange for favorable job benefits or continued
employment – more blatant form of sexual harassment – less common
◦ Hostile Environment – unwelcome sexual contact – physical or psychological/emotional injury
resulting – more common
◦ Not only women – male nurses in female-dominated environments may also be
treated offensively!!
● Discussion
◦ Have any of you experienced sexual harassment at a place of work (either health care or other
employment location)
◦ Was it handled??
A BRIEF APA TUTORIAL
❖ American Psychological Association (APA) Style
Social Sciences – psychology, sociology
Education
Natural Sciences
Health Sciences
❖ Modern Language Association (MLA)
High School Classes
English Courses
History Courses
Humanities Courses
Important Note!!
❖ Medical Students, Physicians, and Medical Journals Use the American Medical
Association (AMA) Formatting Guide
❖ Nursing Students, Registered Nurses, and Nurse Researchers Use the APA Formatting Guide
APA Style
❖ Developed by social and behavioral scientists
❖ Method to standardize all scientific writing
❖ Used for the following:
Term Papers
Research Papers/Methodological Articles
Theoretical Articles
Empirical Studies
Literature Reviews
Case studies
The Basics
❖ Margins:
• 1 inch margins all around
❖ Type Size and Font
• 12 Point
• Times New Roman
❖ Line Spacing
• Double Spaced Throughout
• Including Title Page
❖ Page Numbers
• Top Right Hand Side (Flush Right) – including title page, reference page,
and appendices!
More Basics
❖ Title Page
• Title of Work
• Name
• School
• Approximately 1/3 down the page
• NO Date, NO Instructor Name
❖ Running Heads
• Running Head – Short Version of Title
• Different First Page!
, • Flush Left – Aligned with Page Numbers
• Example:
Running head: HEALTH INSURANCE (1st page), HEALTH INSURANCE (2nd and all other
pages)
Abstract
Brief One Paragraph Synopsis of the Upcoming Paper
Separate Page Entitled “Abstract” – Centered, Upper and Lower Case, No Bolding
DO NOT Indent This Paragraph! (The Only Time!)
Helpful in Literature Searches – Filtering Articles
OPTIONAL for “Trends” Paper
Always Clarify with Professor if Required!!
Organizing The Paper
❖ Introduction
• Required for All Papers (Including Trends Paper!)
• Similar to Abstract – Outline of Paper
• First Paragraph – Heading Centered, Bold, Upper and Lower Case
❖ Headings and Subheadings
• Only Level 1 Headings Required for Trends
• Centered, Bold, Upper and Lower Case
• Examples: Introduction, Background, Opposing Viewpoints, Impact on
Nursing, Conclusion
• One or More Paragraphs Per Heading
❖ Conclusion
• Summarize Key Points
• Future Reference
Citations/References
❖ Paraphrasing: Your sentence (Author, year).
❖ Direct Quotation: “Your quote” (Author, year, p. 1).
❖ Citing an Author Indirectly: According to Author (Year), your paraphrase.
❖ Citing an Author Directly: According to Author (Year), “Your quote” (p. 1).
❖ Electronic Resources/Agencies: Your statistic (National Weather Service, 2015).
Reference Page
❖ Journal Articles Should Be Current (2013 or more recent)
❖ Books – Most Recent Editions
❖ Separate Page – “References” Centered, No Bold, Upper and Lower Case
❖ Alphabetical Order!!!
❖ Left Flush First Line of Each Reference – Then Indent Every Other Line
❖ Follow APA Guide for No Author and No Date References
❖ Electronic Resources: Retrieved from URL – Check Bottom of Web Page for
Year/Last Updated
Remember!
*Important: Do Not Plagiarize – make sure you give credit to any ideas that are not your own
(You can cite after you paraphrase a few sentences in the same paragraph)
*Important: Use Primary Sources ONLY – if an author quotes another author, go to that original
source
Additional Writing Tips!!
, ❖ Remember the basics of grammar, punctuation, sentence structure – important for
scholarly writing at the baccalaureate level
❖ Avoid “run-on” sentences
❖ Edit and proofread your work!
❖ Each paragraph should have a main idea with supporting details
❖ Try to avoid using “the” as the first word in a paragraph more than once
❖ At least one citation per paragraph
• Not including the abstract, introduction and conclusion
❖ Avoid referring to yourself in the first person
• Use “this author” or “this student”
Alternate Online Resource
Purdue Online Writing Lab
Legal Review and Nursing Organizations (Lecture 2)
● Women’s Rights
◦ 1920 – Women’s Suffrage Amendment
◦ 1963 to 1978 – Legislation Passed in Support of Women’s Rights
Sex discrimination prohibited
Military service opportunities granted
Equal pay and work opportunities (including state and federal agencies)
● Legal Gender Rights
◦ Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – prohibits discrimination against either sex
Divorce/alimony cases
Military service
School enrollment
Work environments
Privacy maintained – physical environment, personal life – no discrimination
◦ Comparable Worth – equal pay for different jobs that require similar training, education,
and responsibility
Nursing/Female Jobs/ “Pink Collar” Jobs
Reduced Retirement Benefits (due to higher female life expectancies)
2009 – Women still earning 71 cents on the dollar compared to men in comparable
jobs (had declined from 1990’s)!!
● Sexual Harassment
◦ Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) – 1980 – Sexual harassment a
violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
◦ 1986 – reaffirmed by Supreme Court – unwelcome sexual conduct prohibited in the work place
◦ Often hard to prove allegations
◦ “Quid Pro Quo” – demand for sexual favors in exchange for favorable job benefits or continued
employment – more blatant form of sexual harassment – less common
◦ Hostile Environment – unwelcome sexual contact – physical or psychological/emotional injury
resulting – more common
◦ Not only women – male nurses in female-dominated environments may also be
treated offensively!!
● Discussion
◦ Have any of you experienced sexual harassment at a place of work (either health care or other
employment location)
◦ Was it handled??
