Anthropology 2346.2023 with complete solution questions and answers

Anthropology The study is of humankind through all times and places. Study of humans. What does Paleoanthropologist study? study of the origins and predecessors of the present human species , study of human evolution Why do we study culture ? ... Ethnology Vs Ethnography Ethnology- Study and analysis of various cultures from a comparative and historical aspect Ethnography- the study of human races and cultures What are we looking for (archaeologist)? focuses on the study of material culture through the recovery and analysis of material remains Linguistic Anthropology study of human languages . 1) Descriptive 2) historical 3) social or cultural Gene a portion of DNA molecule containing a sequence of base pairs that is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity Homolosous & analogous Homologies- anatomical features evolved from a common ancestral form Analogies- anatomical features with similar functions How many pairs chromosomes does a normal human have ? 23 in pairs and 46 in total Adaptation (Include different types) patterns of behavior which enable a culture to cope with its surroundings. (ex. cultural adaptation and human adaptation) Mutation random genetic change occurring during mitosis or meiosis. Natural Selection. How is it measured? Reproduction success. Evolutionary process by which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some organisms. Measured by survival of the fittest. Most successful offspring. Mating and production of viable offspring who will in turn carry on one's genes Dimorphism (sexual) differences of size and anatomy between males and females of a species Arboreal hypothesis a hypothesis for primate evolution that proposes that life in the trees was responsible for enhanced visual acuity and manual dexterity in primates What are the type of teeth humans have? premolars, molars, canine, and incisors Opposable thumb. Why is it important? ability to bring thumb or big toe in contact with other digits to grasp items brachiation (swing thro trees) use arms to swing through tree canopy New World, Central, South America has monkeys ... Foramen Magum forward position of the large opening in the base of the skull. Who has the most helpless infants? Humans Non-Living Primates Chimps and Bonobos Grooming one of the most basic and fundamental characteristics of primate behavior is grooming. ritual cleaning of another animals coat to remove parasites and other matter. Serves a hygienic function , closeness, submission. Material Culture durable aspects of culture such as tools, structures, and art. Artifact objects fashioned or altered by humans Why humans and other primates don't have more kids like other animals? ... Endocast casts of the inside of a skull, which can help determine the size and shape of the brain. Features informative about how people may have lived Dendochronology a technique of chronometric dating based on the number of rings of growth found in a tree truck Grid/ Grid System a system for recording data in three dimensions from an archaeological excavation. Stratigraphy/ Stratified layers of cultural and biological remains. Relatively date the remains by means of strata. Objects in lower strata are older than objects in higher strata Relative Dating designating an event, object, or fossil as being older or younger than another Fossil defined as being any mineralized trace or impression of an organism that has been preserved in the earths crust from a past geological time Bipetal Locomotion- Bipedalism shared derived characteristic that distinguishes humans and their ancestors from other African apes K Selected vs R Selected K-selected - mammals produce a fewer number of offspring which allows for more parental care R-selected- reptiles, they produce many young at a time and invest little effort to care for these. The only primates to have global distribution humans Continental Drift theory that the movement of the continents embedded in underlying plates on the earth's surface in relation to one another over the history of life earth. Convert Evolution a process by which unrelated populations develop similarities to one another due to similar function rather than shared ancestry 5 fields of anthropology 1. Physical 2. Archaeology 3. Linguistic 4. Cultural 5. Applied