NURS PATHO PHYCH EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Stages of general adaptation syndrome - Correct answer-
1. Alarm Initial reaction
Sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistanc
e
Adaptation
Limit
stressor
3. Exhaustion
Adaptation
failing Disease
develops
Edema - Correct answer-Excess fluid in the interstitial space
Dehydration (ECF volume deficit) - Correct answer-Can occur
independently without electrolyte defects
Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of blood
solutes Cell shrinkage
Hypotension
Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit - Correct answer-Decreased
fluid in the intravascular space
Hypotonic Hydration - Correct answer-(fluid overload)
Causes of Fluid Deficit - Correct answer-Inadequate fluid intake
Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid replacement
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation
Hemorrhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open
wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Deydration Manisfestations - Correct answer-thirst, altered level of
consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat
jugular veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria,
weight loss, and sunken fontanelles
,NURS PATHO PHYCH EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Cancer Benign - Correct answer-Slow, progressive, localized, well defined,
resembles host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually
cause death
Cancer Malignant - Correct answer-Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis)
quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated
Sodium - Correct answer-Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
• Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base
balance.
• Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
• Main source is dietary intake.
• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
Hypernatremia - Correct answer-Sodium > 145
mEq/L Serum osmolarity increases
• Results in fluid shifts
Causes of Hypernatremia - Correct answer-Excessive sodium ingestion
Hypertonic IV saline (3% saline) administration
Cushing's
syndrome
Corticosteroid use
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of
hyperventilation Diuretic use
Diabetes insipidus Decreased
water ingestion
Loss of thirst
sensation Inability
to drink water Third
spacing
Vomiting
Hypernatremia Manifestations: - Correct answer-increased temperature, warm
and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased
thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures, lethargy, coma,
blood pressure changes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, edema, and
decreased urine output
Hyponatremia - Correct answer-Sodium < 135
mEq/L Serum osmolarity decreases
Causes of Hyponatremia - Correct answer-Deficient
sodium Diuretic use
Gastrointestinal losses
,NURS PATHO PHYCH EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Excessive sweating
Insufficient aldosterone
levels Adrenal
insufficiency
Dietary sodium restrictions
, NURS PATHO PHYCH EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Excessive water
Hypotonic intravenous saline (0.45% saline)
Hyperglycemia Excessive water ingestion
Renal failure
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Heart failure
Hyponatremia Manifestations: - Correct answer-anorexia, gastrointestinal
upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood pressure changes,
pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep
tendon reflexes, muscle weakness seizures, and coma
Hyponatremia Treatment: - Correct answer-limit fluids and increase dietary
sodium
Chloride - Correct answer-Normal range: 98-108
mEq/L Mineral electrolyte
Major extracellular anion
Found in gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile, and
cerebrospinal fluid Plays a role in acid-base balance
Main source is dietary
intake Excreted through
the kidneys
Hyperchloremia - Correct answer-Chloride > 108 mEq/L
Hyperchloremia Causes - Correct answer-Increased chloride intake or
exchange: hypernatremia, hypertonic intravenous solution, metabolic
acidosis, and hyperkalemia Decreased chloride excretion:
hyperparathyroidism, hyperaldosteronism, and renal failure
Hypochloremia - Correct answer-Chloride < 98 mEq/L
Hypochloremia Causes - Correct answer-Decreased chloride intake or
exchange: hyponatremia, administration of 5% dextrose in water
intravenous solution, water intoxication, and hypokalemia Increased
chloride excretion: diuretics, vomiting, metabolic alkalosis, and other
gastrointestinal losses
Hypochloremia Treatment: - Correct answer-identify and manage underlying
cause, sodium replacement (oral or intravenous), ammonium chloride, and
saline irrigation of gastric tubes
Potassium - Correct answer-Normal range: 3.5-5 mEq/L.
The primary intracellular cation.
Plays a role in electrical conduction, acid-base balance, and
metabolism. Main source is dietary intake.
Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
Serum potassium cannot fluctuate much without causing serious issue.
ANSWERS GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Stages of general adaptation syndrome - Correct answer-
1. Alarm Initial reaction
Sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistanc
e
Adaptation
Limit
stressor
3. Exhaustion
Adaptation
failing Disease
develops
Edema - Correct answer-Excess fluid in the interstitial space
Dehydration (ECF volume deficit) - Correct answer-Can occur
independently without electrolyte defects
Decrease in fluid level leads to increase in level of blood
solutes Cell shrinkage
Hypotension
Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit - Correct answer-Decreased
fluid in the intravascular space
Hypotonic Hydration - Correct answer-(fluid overload)
Causes of Fluid Deficit - Correct answer-Inadequate fluid intake
Poor oral intake
Inadequate IV fluid replacement
Excessive fluid or sodium losses:
Gastrointestinal losses Excessive diaphoresis Prolonged hyperventilation
Hemorrhage Nephrosis Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Burns Open
wounds Ascites Effusions Excessive use of diuretics Osmotic diuresis
Deydration Manisfestations - Correct answer-thirst, altered level of
consciousness, hypotension, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, flat
jugular veins, dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, oliguria,
weight loss, and sunken fontanelles
,NURS PATHO PHYCH EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Cancer Benign - Correct answer-Slow, progressive, localized, well defined,
resembles host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually
cause death
Cancer Malignant - Correct answer-Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis)
quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated
Sodium - Correct answer-Normal range: 135-145 mEq/L.
• Most significant cation and prevalent electrolyte of extracellular fluid.
• Controls serum osmolality and water balance. Plays a role in acid-base
balance.
• Facilitates muscles and nerve impulses.
• Main source is dietary intake.
• Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
Hypernatremia - Correct answer-Sodium > 145
mEq/L Serum osmolarity increases
• Results in fluid shifts
Causes of Hypernatremia - Correct answer-Excessive sodium ingestion
Hypertonic IV saline (3% saline) administration
Cushing's
syndrome
Corticosteroid use
Diarrhea
Excessive sweating
Prolonged episode of
hyperventilation Diuretic use
Diabetes insipidus Decreased
water ingestion
Loss of thirst
sensation Inability
to drink water Third
spacing
Vomiting
Hypernatremia Manifestations: - Correct answer-increased temperature, warm
and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous membranes, dysphagia, increased
thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures, lethargy, coma,
blood pressure changes, tachycardia, weak and thready pulse, edema, and
decreased urine output
Hyponatremia - Correct answer-Sodium < 135
mEq/L Serum osmolarity decreases
Causes of Hyponatremia - Correct answer-Deficient
sodium Diuretic use
Gastrointestinal losses
,NURS PATHO PHYCH EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Excessive sweating
Insufficient aldosterone
levels Adrenal
insufficiency
Dietary sodium restrictions
, NURS PATHO PHYCH EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Excessive water
Hypotonic intravenous saline (0.45% saline)
Hyperglycemia Excessive water ingestion
Renal failure
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Heart failure
Hyponatremia Manifestations: - Correct answer-anorexia, gastrointestinal
upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood pressure changes,
pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep
tendon reflexes, muscle weakness seizures, and coma
Hyponatremia Treatment: - Correct answer-limit fluids and increase dietary
sodium
Chloride - Correct answer-Normal range: 98-108
mEq/L Mineral electrolyte
Major extracellular anion
Found in gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile, and
cerebrospinal fluid Plays a role in acid-base balance
Main source is dietary
intake Excreted through
the kidneys
Hyperchloremia - Correct answer-Chloride > 108 mEq/L
Hyperchloremia Causes - Correct answer-Increased chloride intake or
exchange: hypernatremia, hypertonic intravenous solution, metabolic
acidosis, and hyperkalemia Decreased chloride excretion:
hyperparathyroidism, hyperaldosteronism, and renal failure
Hypochloremia - Correct answer-Chloride < 98 mEq/L
Hypochloremia Causes - Correct answer-Decreased chloride intake or
exchange: hyponatremia, administration of 5% dextrose in water
intravenous solution, water intoxication, and hypokalemia Increased
chloride excretion: diuretics, vomiting, metabolic alkalosis, and other
gastrointestinal losses
Hypochloremia Treatment: - Correct answer-identify and manage underlying
cause, sodium replacement (oral or intravenous), ammonium chloride, and
saline irrigation of gastric tubes
Potassium - Correct answer-Normal range: 3.5-5 mEq/L.
The primary intracellular cation.
Plays a role in electrical conduction, acid-base balance, and
metabolism. Main source is dietary intake.
Excreted through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
Serum potassium cannot fluctuate much without causing serious issue.
