Inhoud
Chapter 1 – Meta-theories...........................................................................................................2
Chapter 2 – Methods & theories.................................................................................................5
Chapter 3 – Infancy (0-2 years)..................................................................................................7
Chapter 4 – Family....................................................................................................................12
Chapter 5 – early childhood (2-6 years)....................................................................................14
Chapter 6 – middle childhood (6-12 year)................................................................................16
Chapter 7 – Adolescence (12-18 years)....................................................................................20
Chapter 8 – Emerging adulthood (18 -25 years) & early adulthood (25-40 year)....................24
Chapter 9 – Middle adulthood (45-60 years)............................................................................27
Chapter 10 – late adulthood (60+ years)...................................................................................29
,Chapter 1 – Meta-theories
Life span perspective principles: development is.
- life long
- multidirectional and multidimensional
- includes gains and losses.
- plasticity
- embedded in historical and cultural context.
- multiply determined.
three systems that influence:
1. normative age-graded influences – specific age group changes
2. normative history-graded influences – changes that is experienced by a generation
specifically.
3. non-normative influences – personal factors
the changes that happens across three domains: physical (weight/height), cognitive
(intelligence, perception) and psychosocial (self-esteem, relationships).
The SES is an important social factor according to the contextual perspectives
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior. Cultural relativity is an
appreciation of cultural differences.
Types of age:
- chronological – years from birth
- biological – aging of the body compared to chronical age
- social – social norms and what is expected of us
six key assumptions about human development:
- human nature – blank slates or predetermined.
- causes of development – nature of nurture
- role of the individual – passive of active choosing
their development
- stability vs change – permanent effects of traits and
experiences or adjustable
o Continuous development (tree)
o Discontinuous development (ladybug)
- universality vs context specific –
four meta theories:
- maturation (is basically genes determine everything)
o humans are like seeds.
, o Passive
o Continuous or discontinuous
- mechanistic (is basically behaviourism)
o humans are like machines.
o Passive
- organismic
o humans are like butterflies
o active
o discontinuous
o only gets better
- contextualism
o human are participants in a tennis game, conversation or dance
o (pro)active
o Continuous or discontinuous
“Cognitivism” is a guiding meta-theory in the field of psychology today. “Cognitivism” is the
assumption that all the causal factors that shape human behavior and development are inside
the mind or belief system of the person. You can hear the assumptions in the theories of the
field: self-efficacy, self-esteem, attributions, perceived social support, values, sense of
purpose, goal orientations, internal working model, identity, and so on.
There is no correct meta-theory, all are perspectives.
History 101:
- Preformationist view – in the sperm is a tiny human who has all the capabilities as a
adult.
- Locke – didn’t agree above. Believes in tabula rasa (aka born blank state) and
behaviourism.
- Rousseau – also didn’t agree preformationist view but says let children develop on
them own.
- Gesell – Genes determine changes.
- Freud – early childhood is important.
Erikson psychosocial stages and crises:
Crisis
Birth – 18 month Trust of not to trust
18 month – 3 years Autonomy vs shame/doubt Develop sense of free will
3–6 Initiative vs Guilt Independent by exploring
6 – 12 Industry vs inferiority Achieves things by social
norms
12 -18 Identity vs role confusion
19 – 40 Intimacy vs isolation Give and receive love
40 -65 Generativity vs stagnation Want to guide new
, generation
65 – death Ego integrity vs despair Acceptance of lived life
Chapter 1 – Meta-theories...........................................................................................................2
Chapter 2 – Methods & theories.................................................................................................5
Chapter 3 – Infancy (0-2 years)..................................................................................................7
Chapter 4 – Family....................................................................................................................12
Chapter 5 – early childhood (2-6 years)....................................................................................14
Chapter 6 – middle childhood (6-12 year)................................................................................16
Chapter 7 – Adolescence (12-18 years)....................................................................................20
Chapter 8 – Emerging adulthood (18 -25 years) & early adulthood (25-40 year)....................24
Chapter 9 – Middle adulthood (45-60 years)............................................................................27
Chapter 10 – late adulthood (60+ years)...................................................................................29
,Chapter 1 – Meta-theories
Life span perspective principles: development is.
- life long
- multidirectional and multidimensional
- includes gains and losses.
- plasticity
- embedded in historical and cultural context.
- multiply determined.
three systems that influence:
1. normative age-graded influences – specific age group changes
2. normative history-graded influences – changes that is experienced by a generation
specifically.
3. non-normative influences – personal factors
the changes that happens across three domains: physical (weight/height), cognitive
(intelligence, perception) and psychosocial (self-esteem, relationships).
The SES is an important social factor according to the contextual perspectives
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior. Cultural relativity is an
appreciation of cultural differences.
Types of age:
- chronological – years from birth
- biological – aging of the body compared to chronical age
- social – social norms and what is expected of us
six key assumptions about human development:
- human nature – blank slates or predetermined.
- causes of development – nature of nurture
- role of the individual – passive of active choosing
their development
- stability vs change – permanent effects of traits and
experiences or adjustable
o Continuous development (tree)
o Discontinuous development (ladybug)
- universality vs context specific –
four meta theories:
- maturation (is basically genes determine everything)
o humans are like seeds.
, o Passive
o Continuous or discontinuous
- mechanistic (is basically behaviourism)
o humans are like machines.
o Passive
- organismic
o humans are like butterflies
o active
o discontinuous
o only gets better
- contextualism
o human are participants in a tennis game, conversation or dance
o (pro)active
o Continuous or discontinuous
“Cognitivism” is a guiding meta-theory in the field of psychology today. “Cognitivism” is the
assumption that all the causal factors that shape human behavior and development are inside
the mind or belief system of the person. You can hear the assumptions in the theories of the
field: self-efficacy, self-esteem, attributions, perceived social support, values, sense of
purpose, goal orientations, internal working model, identity, and so on.
There is no correct meta-theory, all are perspectives.
History 101:
- Preformationist view – in the sperm is a tiny human who has all the capabilities as a
adult.
- Locke – didn’t agree above. Believes in tabula rasa (aka born blank state) and
behaviourism.
- Rousseau – also didn’t agree preformationist view but says let children develop on
them own.
- Gesell – Genes determine changes.
- Freud – early childhood is important.
Erikson psychosocial stages and crises:
Crisis
Birth – 18 month Trust of not to trust
18 month – 3 years Autonomy vs shame/doubt Develop sense of free will
3–6 Initiative vs Guilt Independent by exploring
6 – 12 Industry vs inferiority Achieves things by social
norms
12 -18 Identity vs role confusion
19 – 40 Intimacy vs isolation Give and receive love
40 -65 Generativity vs stagnation Want to guide new
, generation
65 – death Ego integrity vs despair Acceptance of lived life
