PNLE foundation of nursing exam 2023 questions and
answers with complete solution
50.Immobility impairs bladder elimination, resulting in such disorders as
Increased urine acidity and relaxation of the perineal muscles, causing incontinence
Urine retention, bladder distention, and infection
Diuresis, natriuresis, and decreased urine specific gravity
Decreased calcium and phosphate levels in the urine
B. The immobilized patient commonly suffers from urine retention caused by decreased
muscle tone in the perineum. This leads to bladder distention and urine stagnation,
which provide an excellent medium for bacterial growth leading to infection. Immobility
also results in more alkaline urine with excessive amounts of calcium, sodium and
phosphate, a gradual decrease in urine production, and an increased specific gravity.
49.In a recumbent, immobilized patient, lung ventilation can become altered, leading to
such respiratory complications as:
Respiratory acidosis, ateclectasis, and hypostatic pneumonia
Appneustic breathing, atypical pneumonia and respiratory alkalosis
Cheyne-Strokes respirations and spontaneous pneumothorax
Kussmail's respirations and hypoventilation
A. Because of restricted respiratory movement, a recumbent, immobilize patient is at
particular risk for respiratory acidosis from poor gas exchange; atelectasis from reduced
surfactant and accumulated mucus in the bronchioles, and hypostatic pneumonia from
bacterial growth caused by stasis of mucus secretions.
48.Thrombophlebitis typically develops in patients with which of the following
conditions?
Increases partial thromboplastin time
Acute pulsus paradoxus
An impaired or traumatized blood vessel wall
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
C. The factors, known as Virchow's triad, collectively predispose a patient to
thromboplebitis; impaired venous return to the heart, blood hypercoagulability, and
injury to a blood vessel wall. Increased partial thromboplastin time indicates a prolonged
bleeding time during fibrin clot formation, commonly the result of anticoagulant (heparin)
therapy. Arterial blood disorders (such as pulsus paradoxus) and lung diseases (such
as COPD) do not necessarily impede venous return of injure vessel walls.
47.When transferring a patient from a bed to a chair, the nurse should use which
muscles to avoid back injury?
Abdominal muscles
Back muscles
Leg muscles
Upper arm muscles
C. The leg muscles are the strongest muscles in the body and should bear the greatest
stress when lifting. Muscles of the abdomen, back, and upper arms may be easily
injured.
, 46.Effective skin disinfection before a surgical procedure includes which of the following
methods?
Shaving the site on the day before surgery
Applying a topical antiseptic to the skin on the evening before surgery
Having the patient take a tub bath on the morning of surgery
Having the patient shower with an antiseptic soap on the evening v=before and the
morning of surgery
D. Studies have shown that showering with an antiseptic soap before surgery is the
most effective method of removing microorganisms from the skin. Shaving the site of
the intended surgery might cause breaks in the skin, thereby increasing the risk of
infection; however, if indicated, shaving, should be done immediately before surgery,
not the day before. A topical antiseptic would not remove microorganisms and would be
beneficial only after proper cleaning and rinsing. Tub bathing might transfer organisms
to another body site rather than rinse them away.
45.The two blood vessels most commonly used for TPN infusion are the:
Subclavian and jugular veins
Brachial and subclavian veins
Femoral and subclavian veins
Brachial and femoral veins
D. Tachypnea (an abnormally rapid rate of breathing) would indicate that the patient
was still hypoxic (deficient in oxygen).The partial pressures of arterial oxygen and
carbon dioxide listed are within the normal range. Eupnea refers to normal respiration.
44.The ELISA test is used to:
Screen blood donors for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Test blood to be used for transfusion for HIV antibodies
Aid in diagnosing a patient with AIDS
All of the above
D. The ELISA test of venous blood is used to assess blood and potential blood donors
to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A positive ELISA test combined with various
signs and symptoms helps to diagnose acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
42.All of the following are good sources of vitamin A except:
White potatoes
Carrots
Apricots
Egg yolks
A. The main sources of vitamin A are yellow and green vegetables (such as carrots,
sweet potatoes, squash, spinach, collard greens, broccoli, and cabbage) and yellow
fruits (such as apricots, and cantaloupe). Animal sources include liver, kidneys, cream,
butter, and egg yolks.
41.In which step of the nursing process would the nurse ask a patient if the medication
she administered relieved his pain?
Assessment
Analysis
Planning
Evaluation
answers with complete solution
50.Immobility impairs bladder elimination, resulting in such disorders as
Increased urine acidity and relaxation of the perineal muscles, causing incontinence
Urine retention, bladder distention, and infection
Diuresis, natriuresis, and decreased urine specific gravity
Decreased calcium and phosphate levels in the urine
B. The immobilized patient commonly suffers from urine retention caused by decreased
muscle tone in the perineum. This leads to bladder distention and urine stagnation,
which provide an excellent medium for bacterial growth leading to infection. Immobility
also results in more alkaline urine with excessive amounts of calcium, sodium and
phosphate, a gradual decrease in urine production, and an increased specific gravity.
49.In a recumbent, immobilized patient, lung ventilation can become altered, leading to
such respiratory complications as:
Respiratory acidosis, ateclectasis, and hypostatic pneumonia
Appneustic breathing, atypical pneumonia and respiratory alkalosis
Cheyne-Strokes respirations and spontaneous pneumothorax
Kussmail's respirations and hypoventilation
A. Because of restricted respiratory movement, a recumbent, immobilize patient is at
particular risk for respiratory acidosis from poor gas exchange; atelectasis from reduced
surfactant and accumulated mucus in the bronchioles, and hypostatic pneumonia from
bacterial growth caused by stasis of mucus secretions.
48.Thrombophlebitis typically develops in patients with which of the following
conditions?
Increases partial thromboplastin time
Acute pulsus paradoxus
An impaired or traumatized blood vessel wall
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
C. The factors, known as Virchow's triad, collectively predispose a patient to
thromboplebitis; impaired venous return to the heart, blood hypercoagulability, and
injury to a blood vessel wall. Increased partial thromboplastin time indicates a prolonged
bleeding time during fibrin clot formation, commonly the result of anticoagulant (heparin)
therapy. Arterial blood disorders (such as pulsus paradoxus) and lung diseases (such
as COPD) do not necessarily impede venous return of injure vessel walls.
47.When transferring a patient from a bed to a chair, the nurse should use which
muscles to avoid back injury?
Abdominal muscles
Back muscles
Leg muscles
Upper arm muscles
C. The leg muscles are the strongest muscles in the body and should bear the greatest
stress when lifting. Muscles of the abdomen, back, and upper arms may be easily
injured.
, 46.Effective skin disinfection before a surgical procedure includes which of the following
methods?
Shaving the site on the day before surgery
Applying a topical antiseptic to the skin on the evening before surgery
Having the patient take a tub bath on the morning of surgery
Having the patient shower with an antiseptic soap on the evening v=before and the
morning of surgery
D. Studies have shown that showering with an antiseptic soap before surgery is the
most effective method of removing microorganisms from the skin. Shaving the site of
the intended surgery might cause breaks in the skin, thereby increasing the risk of
infection; however, if indicated, shaving, should be done immediately before surgery,
not the day before. A topical antiseptic would not remove microorganisms and would be
beneficial only after proper cleaning and rinsing. Tub bathing might transfer organisms
to another body site rather than rinse them away.
45.The two blood vessels most commonly used for TPN infusion are the:
Subclavian and jugular veins
Brachial and subclavian veins
Femoral and subclavian veins
Brachial and femoral veins
D. Tachypnea (an abnormally rapid rate of breathing) would indicate that the patient
was still hypoxic (deficient in oxygen).The partial pressures of arterial oxygen and
carbon dioxide listed are within the normal range. Eupnea refers to normal respiration.
44.The ELISA test is used to:
Screen blood donors for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Test blood to be used for transfusion for HIV antibodies
Aid in diagnosing a patient with AIDS
All of the above
D. The ELISA test of venous blood is used to assess blood and potential blood donors
to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A positive ELISA test combined with various
signs and symptoms helps to diagnose acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
42.All of the following are good sources of vitamin A except:
White potatoes
Carrots
Apricots
Egg yolks
A. The main sources of vitamin A are yellow and green vegetables (such as carrots,
sweet potatoes, squash, spinach, collard greens, broccoli, and cabbage) and yellow
fruits (such as apricots, and cantaloupe). Animal sources include liver, kidneys, cream,
butter, and egg yolks.
41.In which step of the nursing process would the nurse ask a patient if the medication
she administered relieved his pain?
Assessment
Analysis
Planning
Evaluation
