Summary International Management - lectures, book & theories Questions and Answers 2023

Organisation? - It's structure depends on.. - -Consciously coordinated social unit. Depends on The degree of complexity, formalisation, and centralisation in an organisation. -OT Assumptions: Collective actors vs. Aggregate of actors - -Collective: Organizations can think, act, and decide for themselves, have moral obligations, have properties e.g. culture that cannot be reduced to its members, can be mean and nasty or kind. Aggregate: All organizations act and decide through people, primarily a context in which natural human reactions to stimuli become aggrevated, the ones with moral obligations in an organisation are its members, organisations cannot have emotions. -OT Assumptions: Real Entities vs. Social Constructions - -Reality: Organisations consist of plants, machines, buildings, offices, offices, and people doing their jobs, tied to other organizations through critical resource exchange relationships, establish the performance of an organization by looking at its (long term) ROE, ROI, ROA, or market performance (Tobin's Q, market-to-book ratio), organisations EXIST. Construction: Organizations consist of meanings, opinions, beliefs, and convictions, they provide their members with a sense of belonging through the enactment of rituals, symbols, and ideas, Organisations can literally mean something different to each member. Organisations as such don't exist only the processes of organising. -OT Assumptions: Instruments vs. Institutions - -Instrument: Organizations are a means to an end, founded primarily for the performance of collective tasks which cannot be performed by individuals, fail when they stop generating returns for their investors and crumble when they no longer manage to realize an adequate inducements/contributions balance for all stakeholders Institutions: "I have occasionally been sad when organizations went bankrupt or otherwise out of business" also -- There are organizations and brands with which I greatly identify myself. Organizations can retain something of value over successive generations of members. There is more of value to organizations than the goods and services they produce. -Closed vs. Open system thinking - -Closed: Views a system as self-contained. It has no interaction with its environment. More applicable to the study of organisations is Open-system thinking: recognises the dependence of a system on the interactions with its direct environment. -Characteristics of an Open-system - -Environmental awareness, feedback adjustments, cyclical character, tendency towards growth, steady state between inputs and outputs, movement towards growth and expansion, balance of maintenance and adaptive activities, equifinality -Organisation life cycle - -Life cycle perspective: all organisat