Pathophysiology Chapter 5 test bank 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

Tears are considered to be part of the: 1. first line of defense. 2. second line of defense. 3. third line of defense. 4. specific defenses. 5. nonspecific defenses. A) 1, 4 B) 1, 5 C) 3, 4 D) 2, 5 B A specific defense for the body is: A) phagocytosis. B) sensitized T lymphocytes. C) the inflammatory response. D) intact skin and mucous membranes. B The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to: A) phagocytosis of foreign material. B) local vasodilation. C) any tissue injury. D) formation of purulent exudates. C Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include: A) albumin and fibrinogen. B) growth factors and cell enzymes. C) macrophages and neutrophils. D) histamine and prostaglandins. D Which of the following result directly from the release of chemical mediators following a moderate burn injury? 1. Pain 2. Local vasoconstriction 3. Increased capillary permeability 4. Pallor A) 1, 2 B) 1, 3 C) 2, 3 D) 2, 4 B Granulation tissue is best described as: A) highly vascular, very fragile, and very susceptible to infection. B) an erosion through the wall of viscera, leading to complications. C) a type of adhesion with no vascularization. D) a form of stenosis, in a duct, that is extremely tough and resists attack by microbes. A Edema associated with inflammation results directly from: A) increased fluid and protein in the interstitial compartment. B) increased phagocytes in the affected area. C) decreased capillary permeability. D) general vasoconstriction. A The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from: A) increased interstitial fluid. B) production of complement. C) a large number of white blood cells (WBCs) entering the area. D) increased blood flow into the area. D What is the correct order of the following events in the inflammatory response immediately after tissue injury? 1. Increased permeability of blood vessels 2. Dilation of blood vessels 3. Transient vasoconstriction 4. Migration of leukocytes to the area 5. Hyperemia A) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4 B) 1, 2, 4, 5, 3 C) 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 D) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 D The process of phagocytosis involves the: A) ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes. B) shift of fluid and protein out of capillaries. C) formation of a fibrin mesh around the infected area. D) movement of erythrocytes through the capillary wall. A Systemic effects of severe inflammation include: A) erythema and warmth. B) loss of movement at the affected joint. C) fatigue, anorexia, and mild fever. D) abscess formation. C The term leukocytosis means: A) increased white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. B) decreased WBCs in the blood. C) increased number of immature circulating leukocytes. D) significant change in the proportions of WBCs. A Which of the following statements applies to fever? A) Viral infection is usually present. B) Heat-loss mechanisms have been stimulated. C) It is caused by a signal to the thalamus. D) It results from release of pyrogens into the circulation. D Mechanisms to bring an elevated body temperature down to the normal level include: A) general cutaneous vasodilation. B) generalized shivering. C) increased heart rate. D) increased metabolic rate. A Replacement of damaged tissue by similar functional cells is termed: A) fibrosis. B) regeneration. C) resolution. D) repair by scar tissue. B Scar tissue consists primarily of: A) granulation tissue. B) epithelial cells. C) collagen fibers. D) new capillaries and smooth muscle fibers. C Which of the following promotes rapid healing? A) Closely approximated edges of a wound B) Presence of foreign material C) Exposure to radiation D) Vasoconstriction in the involved area A During an inflammatory response, hyperemia is caused by: A) increased blood flow in the area. B) increased capillary permeability. C) irritation of sensory nerve endings by histamine. D) increased leukocytes in the area. A Purulent exudates usually contain: A) small amounts of plasma protein & histamine in water. B) red blood cells & all types of white blood cells. C) numerous leukocytes, bacteria, and cell debris. D) large amounts of water containing a few cells. C Isoenzymes in the circulating blood: A) are a type of plasma protein normally present in the circulating blood. B) often indicate the precise location of an inflammatory response. C) are normally released from leukocytes during the inflammatory response. D) are pyrogens, causing low-grade fever. B A serous exudate is best described as a: A) thin, watery, colorless exudate. B) thick, sticky, cloudy secretion. C) thick, greenish material containing microbes. D) brownish, clotted material. A Systemic manifestations of an inflammatory response include: A) edema and erythema. B) area of necrosis and loss of function. C) pain and tenderness. D) fever and malaise. D Some local effects of a general inflammatory response would include: A) high, spiking fever and chills. B) redness, warmth, and swelling. C) leukopenia and reduced erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). D) anorexia and headaches. B Application of ice to an injured knee reduces edema by: A) promoting return of lymph fluid. B) causing local vasoconstriction. C) increasing the rate of tissue repair. D) causing systemic vasodilation. B Healing of large areas of skin loss (including dermis and epidermis) would be most successful through: A) rapid mitosis and regeneration of skin layers. B) resolution of damaged cells in the area. C) covering the area with biosynthetic skin substitute. D) graft of fibrous tissue to the area. C Prostaglandins are produced from ___________ and cause ___________. A) activated plasma protein; increased capillary permeability B) mast cells; vasodilation and pain C) platelets; attraction of neutrophils, chemotaxis D) mast cell granules; activation of histamines and kinins B The number of neutrophils in the blood is increased significantly: A) during allergic reactions. B) during chronic inflammation. C) to produce antibodies. D) in order to promote phagocytosis. D An abscess contains: A) serous exudate. B) purulent exudate. C) fibrinous exudate. D) hemorrhagic exudate. B Nonspecific agents that protect uninfected cells against viruses are called: A) neutrophils. B) macrophages. C) interferons. D) pyrogens. C Causes of inflammation include: A) direct physical damage such as cuts and sprains. B) allergic reactions. C) infection. D) All the above D In normal capillary exchange, what is net hydrostatic pressure based on? A) The difference between the hydrostatic pressure within the capillary, as compared with the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid B) The relative osmotic pressures in the blood and the interstitial fluid C) The difference between the hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure within the capillary D) The difference between the concentrations of blood cells, plasma proteins, and dissolved substances in the blood and the interstitial fluid A The cardinal signs of inflammation include all of the following EXCEPT: A) redness. B) loss of function. C) nausea. D) swelling. C Systemic manifestations of inflammation include all EXCEPT: A) pyrexia. B) malaise. C) local swelling. D) anorexia. C Which of the following cellular elements found in the inflammatory response are responsible for phagocytosis? A) Macrophages B) Basophils C) B lymphocytes D) T lymphocytes E) Eosinophils A Which chemical mediator is involved in prolonging the inflammatory response? A) Bradykinin B) Histamine C) Leukotrienes D) Chemotactic factors C Potential complications after healing by scar formation include all the following EXCEPT: A) lack of sensory function in the area. B) contractures and adhesions. C) increased hair growth. D) keloid formation. C All of the following are correct statements regarding wound healing EXCEPT: A) Resolution occurs where there is minimal tissue damage and the cells can recover. B) Granulation tissue forms a permanent replacement for damaged tissue. C) Regeneration occurs where the cells are capable of mitosis. D) Scar tissue forms where the surrounding cells are incapable of mitosis. B Which of the following statements regarding inflammation is incorrect? A) Inflammation caused by an allergen or a burn will typically produce a serous exudate. B) Infection is one cause of inflammation. C) Inflammation is the body's nonspecific response to tissue injury. D) Disorders are named using the ending -sarcoma to indicate inflammation. D Which of the following helps to localize and "wall off" the foreign material during an inflammatory response? A) Lymphocytes B) Increased fluid C) Fibrinogen D) Antibodies C Identify the proper sequence in the healing process. A) A blood clot forms; granulation tissue grows into the gap; new blood vessels develop; phagocytosis of foreign material and cell debris occurs; and collagen fibers form a tight, strong scar. B) A blood clot forms; phagocytes remove foreign material and cell debris; granulation tissue grows into the gap; new blood vessels form; and collagen fibers promote formation of a tight, strong scar. C) Collagen fibers form in the damaged area; a blood clot forms; granulation tissue grows into the gap; angiogenesis takes place; and foreign material and cell debris are removed by phagocytes. D) Foreign material and cell debris are removed by phagocytes; a blood clot forms; granulation tissue grows into the gap; new blood vessels form; and collagen fibers grow and cross-link. B All of the following are factors that promote healing EXCEPT: A) good nutrition: protein, vitamins A and C B) a clean, undisturbed wound. C) effective circulation. D) advanced age. D How does scar tissue usually cause obstructions to develop in tube-like structures? A) Scar tissue continues to grow and spread, causing a blockage. B) Scar tissue does not stretch, but rather shrinks in time, causing narrowing. C) Scar tissue twists and forms knots as it develops. D) Scar tissue attaches to nearby normal tissue, causing obstruction. B