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Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units that combine to form words Affix prefix suffix The smallest part of a word that has a grammatical function or meaning Free morphemes complete words which cannot be broken down any further into smaller units Lexical morphemes (free) Lexical morphemes carry the 'content' of the messages we convey Grammatical morphemes (free) Grammatical morphemes consist of function words such as con- junctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example (and, because, a, and, for, of, I. Phonetics The study of speech sounds. Phonology The study of the sound patterning system Lexis The study of the actual words a writer or speaker chooses to use. Morphology The study of how words are formed. Syntax The study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules that govern the formations. Orthography Writing systems Semantics The study of meaning, how meaning is made and understood Pragmatics The study of the use of language in communication - i.e. sentences as used in contexts and situations. Discourse How language is organized beyond the sentence, i.e. in larger texts homophones two words are homophones if they are pronounced the same way but differ in meaning or spelling or both (e.g. bare and bear) homonyms Two words are homonyms if they are pronounced or spelled the same way but have different meanings. (e.g. bank (embankment) and bank (place where money is kept)). heteronyms :two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation (e.g. row (a series of objects arranged in a line), pronounced (r), and row (a fight), pronounced (rou)). homographs two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (e.g. tear (water from the eyes) tear (rip -apart)). phoneme When studying the symbols at this level we don't call them letters or alphabets, but phonemes. B[i]g; br[i]ttle, b[u]sy; br[i]tain Short vowel [I] D[e]sk; fr[ie]nd; w[ea]ther Short vowel [e] C[a]t, l[a]nguage, ex[a]ctly Short vowel [æ] H[o]t; acr[o]ss; c[o]ntinent Short vowel [ɑ] B[oo]k, w[o]man, f[u]ll Short vowel [ʊ] C[u]t; b[u]tter; c[o]lourful Short vowel [ʌ] D[ay]; afr[ai]d; gr[ea]t Diphthong [ei] Jul[y]; dec[i]de; b[u]y Diphthong [ɑi] B[oy]; v[oi]ce; enj[oy] Diphthong [ɔi] Cl[o]se; kn[o]w; m[o]ment Diphthong [əʊ] T[o]wn; fl[o]wer; m[ou]ntain Diphthong [ɑʊ] H[ea]r, h[ere]; app[ea]r Diphthong [iə] H[ai]r; w[ea]r; p[a]rents Diphthong [eə] S[ure], Jan[ua]ry Diphthong [ʊə] Tr[ee]; p[eo]ple; pol[i]ce Long vowel [iː] B[a]sketball; [a]sk; photogr[a]ph Long vowel [ɑː] B[a]ll; blackb[oa]rd; d[au]ghter Long vowel [ɔː] Bl[ue]; sch[oo]l; aftern[oo]n; n[oo]n Long vowel [uː] B[u]rn; g[i]rl, pref[e]r Long vowel [ɜː] [Sh]ip; Engli[sh]; musi[ci]an Special consonants [ʃ] Lun[ch]; [ch]air; tea[ch]er Special consonants [tʃ] Televi[s]ion; plea[s]ure Special consonants [ʒ] Too[th]; [th]ink; bir[th]day Special consonants [θ] [Th]is; wea[th]er; wi[th] Special consonants [ð] [J]ohn; [J]enny; langua[g]e; lar[g]e Special consonants [dʒ] Bri[ng]; lo[ng]; buildi[ng] Special consonants [ŋ] Stress placement: agreement aGREEment Stress placement argument ARgument Stress Placement : the /increase/ in salary was adjusted INcrease Stress placement: I will increase my premium with my insurance co. inCREAse: stress on second syllable due to prefix (in, ex, dis, con) Stress of a word is normally on the ___?___ syllable First How many syllables: emotional E/mo/tio/nal How many syllables: accompanied Ac/com/pa/nied How many syllables: Orchestra Or/ches/tra How many syllables: instrumental In/stru/men/tal Which word(s) can you find the following consonant [θ] [th]ink, [th]ank, [th]esis, bir[th]day Which word(s) can you find the following consonant [ð] [th]ese, [th]ose, wi[th], [th]at Which word(s) can you find the following consonant [k] Or[ch]estra; [k]eep; [c]ontent, [c]larify Which word(s) can you find the following consonant [ŋ] Si[ng], acti[ng], lo[ng], bri[ng] Which word(s) can you find the following consonant [ʃ] [Sh]ift, [sh]ake, [sh]arp Identify vowel sound between slashes: /O/riginates [ə] Monophtong Identify vowel sound between slashes: M/u/sical [jʊ] diphthong Identify vowel sound between slashes: Europ/e/ [ə] not a monophthong or a diphthong / silent Identify vowel sound between slashes: r/o/lemodel [dəʊ] diphthong Identify vowel sound between slashes:symphon/i/c [ə] or [ɪ] Lexeme: Contains the prefix, base as well as suffix. Iow basic lexical unity of a language. Verb tenses are not suffixes True Lexical morpheme does not affect grammatical status/function of a word in a sentence. Word class eg verb, adjective, noun etc would remain unchanged Tough, tougher, toughest: remains a verb. Syllables can be used to create rhythm in music & poetry True Affricates involves a stop followed by gradual release resulting in friction True [dʒ] Jenny, Giovanni. [tʃ] chain; challenge Affricates starts like stops and end like fricatives True [dʒ] & [tʃ] Articulated : Post-alveolar (Behind the teeth) Stops require the air to be stopped before release True [p], [b] & [t] Approximants and Nasals are always voiced True Stops, affricates & fricatives show alternation between voiced & voiceless True Long or short vowel: Cat [æ] Short Long or short vowel: Noon [u] Long Long or short vowel: fast [ə] Short Long or short vowel: tree [ɪ] / free / see Long Long or short vowel: cut [ʌ] Short c/o/ntinent : / : /ɜ/ /e/ /ʊ/ /ɔ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ʃ/ /ie/ /ŋ/ /ɜ/ /d/ / /e/ /ʊ/ /ɔ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ʃ/ /ie/ /ŋ/ /ɜ/ /d/ ɑ Televi/s/ion : /ʒ/ /e/ /ʊ/ /ɔ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ʃ/ /ie/ /ŋ/ /ɜ/ /d/ [ʒ] App/ea/rance ʒ/ /e/ /ʊ/ /ɔ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ʃ/ /ie/ /ŋ/ /ɜ/ /d/ [ie] Alo/ng/ :ʒ/ /e/ /ʊ/ /ɔ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ʃ/ /ie/ /ŋ/ /ɜ/ /d/ [ŋ] /Sh/ape: ʒ/ /e/ /ʊ/ /ɔ/ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ʃ/ /ie/ /ŋ/ /ɜ/ /d/ [ʃ] Homonyms: can Can: coldrink (noun) Can: able to do (verb) Homonyms: fire Fire: losing job (verb) / fire a gun (verb) Fire: coals & flames (Noun) Homonyms: tender Tender: gentleness (adjective) Tender: food - not tough Tender: part of the body sensitive to pain Add prefix/suffix & create sentence: courage courageous Add prefix/suffix & create sentence: exam Examination Add prefix/suffix & create sentence: Appear Appears Add prefix/suffix & create sentence: receive Received Give phonetic transcription & articulatory descriptions for first sound: soothe [s] Fricatives & Alveolar Give phonetic transcription & articulatory descriptions for first sound: cough [k] velar & Plosive Give phonetic transcription & articulatory descriptions for first sound: gym [dʒ] palato-alveolar & Affricate Give phonetic transcription & articulatory descriptions for first sound: tertiary [t] Alveolar & plosive Phonetics and phonology help with the understanding of a language's pronunciations True What's the pronunciation of the suffix '-ed' in: dripped (/d/, /t/, or /id/) /t/ What's the pronunciation of the suffix '-ed' in: called (/d/, /t/, or /id/) /d/ What's the pronunciation of the suffix '-ed' in: excited (/d/, /t/, or /id/) /id/ What's the pronunciation of the suffix '-ed' in: remembered (/d/, /t/, or /id/) /id/ What's the pronunciation of the suffix '-ed' in: finished (/d/, /t/, or /id/) /d/ What's the pronunciation of the suffix '-ed' in: imagined (/d/, /t/, or /id/) /d/ What's the pronunciation of the suffix '-ed' in: laughed (/d/, /t/, or /id/) /t/ What's the pronunciation of the suffix '-ed' in: shouted (/d/, /t/, or /id/) /id/ Compounding (word formation) Forming a word from two base forms "blue+berry" Conversion (word formation) Word is used is a different form (butter ~noun and then butter~verb) Acronyms (word formation) Words formed from 1st sound/letter eg. SARS NASA Clipping (word formation) Ad for advertisement Blends (word formation) 2 words merge into another : Brunch. Reduplication (word formation) Compound where both elements are same/similar (Humpty-dumpty) Morph Segment of a word form which is not yet classified allomorph Single morpheme with more than one phonological realization "say/sez, a/an, t/d/id, Noun A person, place, thing, or idea proper noun a SPECIFIC person, place, thing, or idea (starts w. Uppercase) (Editor, Christmas, SA) Verb Doing or action word - things one can do physically, mentally or emotionally (run, love, thinking) common noun general name for a person, place, thing, or idea (lower case) (car, teacher, grass, town, dog) Adjective Denoting quality. Decribing noun+pronoun. Which one/What kind/How many Adverbs Modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs & sentences. (Can ad "ly" suffix - usually, happily, Adverb of time 'Now', 'Then', 'Tomorrow', 'Tonight', etc. Adverb of place Where the action happens eg. Here, there below. Adverb of manner adverb that describes how an action is performed (Mortimer walked home from school SLOWLY) Pronoun A word that takes the place of a noun (He, she, it, they etc.) substitutes noun not mentioned. Pronoun Pronoun can be used as first (I), second (he, she) or third person (they, them). Pronoun Pronoun can be used as subject or object in sentences (I, he,they) Preposition Denotes notions such as time & locations (about, at, after) Interjection A word that expresses emotion / exclamatory words Conjunction Used to join phrases and clauses Type of ____________ shows relationship between phrases & clauses Conjunction Coordinating conjunction used with ? Type of sentences/ clauses? Compound: links independent clauses Subordinating conjunction used with ?? Type of sentence / clauses? Complex :Links depending clause with independent clauses simple sentence one independent clause: verb & subject Subject of a sentence Names the "do-er" or "be-er" of the sentence. predicate of a sentence tells what the subject is, has, does, or feels. (The completer of a sentence) compound sentence 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (I went to the store, and I bought candy.) complex sentence one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Joined by a subordinating conjunction. compound complex sentence at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses (combination of complex & compound sentences) Word order in a sentence Subject + verb + object/adjective/adverb/noun