Inhoud
Introduction to cognitive psychology ......................................................................................... 8
Cognitive psychology: studying the mind .............................................................................. 8
What is the mind? ................................................................................................................... 8
Studying the mind: early work in cognitive psychology ................................................ 8
Abandoning the study of the mind ....................................................................................... 10
Setting the stage for the re-emergence of the mind in psychology............................. 10
The rebirth of the study of the mind ....................................................................................... 11
Introduction of the digital computer ................................................................................. 11
Flow diagrams for computers ......................................................................................... 11
Flow diagrams for the mind............................................................................................. 11
Artificial intelligence and information theory ................................................................... 11
The cognitive “revolution” took a while ............................................................................ 11
Modern research in cognitive psychology ........................................................................... 12
The role of models in cognitive psychology ..................................................................... 12
Benefits for science, society and you ................................................................................ 12
Cognitive strategies in enhancing learning .................................................................. 12
Retrieval-based learning ................................................................................................. 12
Note taking and elaboration .......................................................................................... 12
Something to consider............................................................................................................. 12
Module 5.1 Visual coding............................................................................................................ 13
General principles of perception ........................................................................................... 13
The eye and its connections to the brain ............................................................................. 13
Route within the Retina........................................................................................................ 13
Fovea and periphery of the retina ..................................................................................... 13
Visual receptors: rods and cones ........................................................................................... 13
Color vision ................................................................................................................................ 13
The trichromatic (young-Helmholtz) theory ...................................................................... 14
The opponent-process theory ............................................................................................ 14
the retinex theory ................................................................................................................. 14
Color vision deficiency ........................................................................................................ 14
Module 5.2 How the brain processes visual information ........................................................ 15
An overview of the mammalian visual system ..................................................................... 15
, Processing in the retina............................................................................................................ 15
Further processing ................................................................................................................ 15
The primary visual cortex ......................................................................................................... 16
Simple and complex receptive fields ................................................................................ 16
The columnar organization of the visual cortex ............................................................... 16
Are visual cortex cells feature detectors? ......................................................................... 16
Development of the visual cortex.......................................................................................... 16
Deprived in one eye ............................................................................................................ 16
Deprived in both eyes.......................................................................................................... 16
Uncorrelated stimulation in the two eyes .......................................................................... 17
Early exposure to a limited array of patterns .................................................................... 17
Impaired infant vision and long-term consequences ..................................................... 17
Module 5.3 parallel processing in the visual cortex ................................................................. 17
The ventral and dorsal paths .................................................................................................. 17
Detailed analysis of shape ...................................................................................................... 17
The inferior temporal cortex ................................................................................................ 17
Recognizing faces ................................................................................................................ 17
Motion perception ................................................................................................................... 18
The middle temporal cortex ............................................................................................... 18
Motion blindness ................................................................................................................... 18
Module 6.1 Audition..................................................................................................................... 18
Sound and the ear ................................................................................................................... 18
Physics and psychology of sound ...................................................................................... 18
Structures of the ear ............................................................................................................. 18
Pitch perfect ............................................................................................................................. 19
The auditory cortex .................................................................................................................. 19
Sound localization .................................................................................................................... 20
Individual differences .............................................................................................................. 20
Deafness ................................................................................................................................ 20
Hearing, attention and old age ......................................................................................... 21
Module 6.2 The mechanical senses........................................................................................... 21
Vestibular sensation ................................................................................................................. 21
somatosensation ...................................................................................................................... 21
Somatosensory receptors .................................................................................................... 21
, Tickle ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Somatosensation in the central nervous system .............................................................. 22
Pain............................................................................................................................................. 22
Stimuli and spinal cord paths .............................................................................................. 22
Emotional pain ...................................................................................................................... 22
Ways of relieving pain .......................................................................................................... 23
Opioids and endorphins .................................................................................................. 23
Cannabinoids and capsaicin ......................................................................................... 23
Placebos ............................................................................................................................ 23
Sensitization of pain .............................................................................................................. 23
itch.............................................................................................................................................. 24
Module 6.3 the chemical senses................................................................................................ 24
Taste ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Taste receptors ..................................................................................................................... 24
How many kinds of taste receptors? ................................................................................. 24
Mechanisms of taste receptors .......................................................................................... 25
Taste coding in the brain ..................................................................................................... 25
Variations in taste sensitivity ................................................................................................ 25
Olfaction.................................................................................................................................... 25
Olfactory receptors .............................................................................................................. 26
Implications for coding ........................................................................................................ 26
Messages to the brain.......................................................................................................... 26
Individual differences........................................................................................................... 26
pheromones .............................................................................................................................. 27
synesthesia ................................................................................................................................ 27
Chapter 3 perceptions ................................................................................................................ 27
The nature of perception ........................................................................................................ 27
Some basic characteristics of perception ........................................................................ 27
Going beyond light-dark patterns ..................................................................................... 27
Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine? ........................................................ 28
The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous...................................................................... 28
Objects can be hidden or blurred ..................................................................................... 28
Objects look different from different points of view ........................................................ 28
Information for human perception ........................................................................................ 28
, Perceiving objects and people .......................................................................................... 28
Hearing words in a sentence .............................................................................................. 28
Experiencing pain................................................................................................................. 28
Conceptions of object perception ....................................................................................... 29
Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference ................................................................... 29
The Gestalt principles of organization ............................................................................... 29
Good continuation........................................................................................................... 29
pragnanz ........................................................................................................................... 29
similarity .............................................................................................................................. 29
Taking regularities of the environment into account....................................................... 29
Physical regularities .......................................................................................................... 30
Semantic regularities ........................................................................................................ 30
Bayesian inference ........................................................................................................... 30
Comparing the four approaches ................................................................................... 30
Neurons and knowledge about the environment ............................................................... 30
Neurons that respond to horizontals and verticals .......................................................... 30
Experience-dependant plasticity....................................................................................... 31
The interaction between perceiving and taking action .................................................... 31
Movement facilitates perception ...................................................................................... 31
The interaction of perception and action ........................................................................ 31
The physiology of perception and action ........................................................................ 31
What and where steams ................................................................................................. 31
Perception and action streams ...................................................................................... 31
Something to consider............................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 5 short-term and working memory ............................................................................. 32
The modal model of memory ................................................................................................. 32
Sensory memory ....................................................................................................................... 32
The sparkler’s rail and the projector’s shutter ................................................................... 32
Sperling’s experiment: Measuring the capacity and duration of the sensory memory
store ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Short-term memory .................................................................................................................. 33
What is the duration of STM?............................................................................................... 33
How many items can be held in the STM? ........................................................................ 33
Digit span ........................................................................................................................... 33
Introduction to cognitive psychology ......................................................................................... 8
Cognitive psychology: studying the mind .............................................................................. 8
What is the mind? ................................................................................................................... 8
Studying the mind: early work in cognitive psychology ................................................ 8
Abandoning the study of the mind ....................................................................................... 10
Setting the stage for the re-emergence of the mind in psychology............................. 10
The rebirth of the study of the mind ....................................................................................... 11
Introduction of the digital computer ................................................................................. 11
Flow diagrams for computers ......................................................................................... 11
Flow diagrams for the mind............................................................................................. 11
Artificial intelligence and information theory ................................................................... 11
The cognitive “revolution” took a while ............................................................................ 11
Modern research in cognitive psychology ........................................................................... 12
The role of models in cognitive psychology ..................................................................... 12
Benefits for science, society and you ................................................................................ 12
Cognitive strategies in enhancing learning .................................................................. 12
Retrieval-based learning ................................................................................................. 12
Note taking and elaboration .......................................................................................... 12
Something to consider............................................................................................................. 12
Module 5.1 Visual coding............................................................................................................ 13
General principles of perception ........................................................................................... 13
The eye and its connections to the brain ............................................................................. 13
Route within the Retina........................................................................................................ 13
Fovea and periphery of the retina ..................................................................................... 13
Visual receptors: rods and cones ........................................................................................... 13
Color vision ................................................................................................................................ 13
The trichromatic (young-Helmholtz) theory ...................................................................... 14
The opponent-process theory ............................................................................................ 14
the retinex theory ................................................................................................................. 14
Color vision deficiency ........................................................................................................ 14
Module 5.2 How the brain processes visual information ........................................................ 15
An overview of the mammalian visual system ..................................................................... 15
, Processing in the retina............................................................................................................ 15
Further processing ................................................................................................................ 15
The primary visual cortex ......................................................................................................... 16
Simple and complex receptive fields ................................................................................ 16
The columnar organization of the visual cortex ............................................................... 16
Are visual cortex cells feature detectors? ......................................................................... 16
Development of the visual cortex.......................................................................................... 16
Deprived in one eye ............................................................................................................ 16
Deprived in both eyes.......................................................................................................... 16
Uncorrelated stimulation in the two eyes .......................................................................... 17
Early exposure to a limited array of patterns .................................................................... 17
Impaired infant vision and long-term consequences ..................................................... 17
Module 5.3 parallel processing in the visual cortex ................................................................. 17
The ventral and dorsal paths .................................................................................................. 17
Detailed analysis of shape ...................................................................................................... 17
The inferior temporal cortex ................................................................................................ 17
Recognizing faces ................................................................................................................ 17
Motion perception ................................................................................................................... 18
The middle temporal cortex ............................................................................................... 18
Motion blindness ................................................................................................................... 18
Module 6.1 Audition..................................................................................................................... 18
Sound and the ear ................................................................................................................... 18
Physics and psychology of sound ...................................................................................... 18
Structures of the ear ............................................................................................................. 18
Pitch perfect ............................................................................................................................. 19
The auditory cortex .................................................................................................................. 19
Sound localization .................................................................................................................... 20
Individual differences .............................................................................................................. 20
Deafness ................................................................................................................................ 20
Hearing, attention and old age ......................................................................................... 21
Module 6.2 The mechanical senses........................................................................................... 21
Vestibular sensation ................................................................................................................. 21
somatosensation ...................................................................................................................... 21
Somatosensory receptors .................................................................................................... 21
, Tickle ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Somatosensation in the central nervous system .............................................................. 22
Pain............................................................................................................................................. 22
Stimuli and spinal cord paths .............................................................................................. 22
Emotional pain ...................................................................................................................... 22
Ways of relieving pain .......................................................................................................... 23
Opioids and endorphins .................................................................................................. 23
Cannabinoids and capsaicin ......................................................................................... 23
Placebos ............................................................................................................................ 23
Sensitization of pain .............................................................................................................. 23
itch.............................................................................................................................................. 24
Module 6.3 the chemical senses................................................................................................ 24
Taste ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Taste receptors ..................................................................................................................... 24
How many kinds of taste receptors? ................................................................................. 24
Mechanisms of taste receptors .......................................................................................... 25
Taste coding in the brain ..................................................................................................... 25
Variations in taste sensitivity ................................................................................................ 25
Olfaction.................................................................................................................................... 25
Olfactory receptors .............................................................................................................. 26
Implications for coding ........................................................................................................ 26
Messages to the brain.......................................................................................................... 26
Individual differences........................................................................................................... 26
pheromones .............................................................................................................................. 27
synesthesia ................................................................................................................................ 27
Chapter 3 perceptions ................................................................................................................ 27
The nature of perception ........................................................................................................ 27
Some basic characteristics of perception ........................................................................ 27
Going beyond light-dark patterns ..................................................................................... 27
Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine? ........................................................ 28
The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous...................................................................... 28
Objects can be hidden or blurred ..................................................................................... 28
Objects look different from different points of view ........................................................ 28
Information for human perception ........................................................................................ 28
, Perceiving objects and people .......................................................................................... 28
Hearing words in a sentence .............................................................................................. 28
Experiencing pain................................................................................................................. 28
Conceptions of object perception ....................................................................................... 29
Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference ................................................................... 29
The Gestalt principles of organization ............................................................................... 29
Good continuation........................................................................................................... 29
pragnanz ........................................................................................................................... 29
similarity .............................................................................................................................. 29
Taking regularities of the environment into account....................................................... 29
Physical regularities .......................................................................................................... 30
Semantic regularities ........................................................................................................ 30
Bayesian inference ........................................................................................................... 30
Comparing the four approaches ................................................................................... 30
Neurons and knowledge about the environment ............................................................... 30
Neurons that respond to horizontals and verticals .......................................................... 30
Experience-dependant plasticity....................................................................................... 31
The interaction between perceiving and taking action .................................................... 31
Movement facilitates perception ...................................................................................... 31
The interaction of perception and action ........................................................................ 31
The physiology of perception and action ........................................................................ 31
What and where steams ................................................................................................. 31
Perception and action streams ...................................................................................... 31
Something to consider............................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 5 short-term and working memory ............................................................................. 32
The modal model of memory ................................................................................................. 32
Sensory memory ....................................................................................................................... 32
The sparkler’s rail and the projector’s shutter ................................................................... 32
Sperling’s experiment: Measuring the capacity and duration of the sensory memory
store ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Short-term memory .................................................................................................................. 33
What is the duration of STM?............................................................................................... 33
How many items can be held in the STM? ........................................................................ 33
Digit span ........................................................................................................................... 33
