Inhoud
Chapter 8 everyday memory and memory errors .................................................................... 4
Autobiographical memory: what has happened in my life ................................................. 4
Memory of “exceptional” events ............................................................................................. 4
Memory and emotion ............................................................................................................ 4
Flashbulb memories ................................................................................................................ 4
The constructive nature of memory......................................................................................... 5
How real-world knowledge affects memory ...................................................................... 5
Memory can be modified or created by suggestion ............................................................ 5
Creating false memories for early events in people’s lives ............................................... 5
Why do people make errors in eyewitness testimony? ......................................................... 5
12.3 storing information in the nervous system ........................................................................... 6
Blind alleys and abandoned mines ......................................................................................... 6
Learning and the Hebbian synapse ........................................................................................ 6
Single-cell mechanisms of invertebrate behavior change ............................................... 6
Alysia as an experimental animal......................................................................................... 6
Habituation in Aplysia ........................................................................................................... 6
Sensitization in Aplysia ............................................................................................................ 6
Long-term potentiation in vertebrates .................................................................................... 7
Biochemical mechanism ....................................................................................................... 7
Improving memory ..................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 8 The adaptive mind ...................................................................................................... 9
How do animals respond to their environment? .................................................................... 9
What are the three main types of learning? .......................................................................... 9
What is classical conditioning?............................................................................................... 10
Classical conditioning terminology .................................................................................... 10
Classical conditioning phenomena ................................................................................... 10
Cognitive and biological influences on classical conditioning ..................................... 10
Applying classical conditioning .......................................................................................... 10
What is operant conditioning? ............................................................................................... 11
Types of consequences ....................................................................................................... 11
Schedules of reinforcement ................................................................................................ 11
The method of successive approximations (shaping) ..................................................... 11
, Cognitive biological and social influences on operant conditioning ........................... 11
Applying operant conditioning .......................................................................................... 12
What is observational learning? ............................................................................................. 12
Albert Bandura and Aggression ......................................................................................... 12
Cultural transmissions of learning ........................................................................................ 12
Chapter 9 knowledge ................................................................................................................. 12
How are objects placed into categories .............................................................................. 12
Is there a psychologically “privileged” level of categories? .............................................. 13
Representing relationships between categories: semantic networks ............................... 13
Representing concepts in networks: the connectionist approach ................................... 13
The representation of concepts in the brain ........................................................................ 14
Something to consider ............................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 11 language.................................................................................................................. 14
What is language? ................................................................................................................... 14
The creativity of human language ..................................................................................... 14
Studying language ............................................................................................................... 14
Perceiving phonemes, words and letters .............................................................................. 15
Components of words.......................................................................................................... 15
How perceiving sounds and letters is affected by meaning .......................................... 15
Understanding words ............................................................................................................... 15
The word frequency effect.................................................................................................. 15
Lexical ambiguity .................................................................................................................. 15
Understanding sentences ....................................................................................................... 15
Semantic and syntax ............................................................................................................ 15
Understanding sentences: parsing ..................................................................................... 15
Understanding text and stories ............................................................................................... 16
Situation models .................................................................................................................... 16
Producing language: conversations ..................................................................................... 16
Something to consider ............................................................................................................. 16
Culture, language and cognition ...................................................................................... 16
Chapter 12 problem solving ....................................................................................................... 16
What is a problem? .................................................................................................................. 16
The Gestalt approach: problem solving as representation and restructuring ................. 17
Obstacles to problem solving ............................................................................................. 17
, The information-processing approach: problem solving as a search process ................ 17
Using analogies to solve problems ......................................................................................... 17
How experts solve problems ................................................................................................... 18
Creative problem solving ........................................................................................................ 18
Generating ideas .................................................................................................................. 18
Something to consider ............................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 13 judgement, reasoning and decisions ................................................................... 18
Making judgements ................................................................................................................. 18
The availability heuristic ....................................................................................................... 19
The representativeness heuristic ......................................................................................... 19
Preconceptions, attitudes and judgement ....................................................................... 19
Deductive reasoning: syllogisms and logic ........................................................................... 19
Mental models of deductive reasoning ............................................................................ 19
Conditional syllogisms .......................................................................................................... 20
Conditional reasoning: the Wason four-card problem ................................................... 20
Decision making: choosing among alternatives.................................................................. 20
The utility approach to decisions ........................................................................................ 20
How emotions affect decisions ........................................................................................... 20
Decisions can depend on the context in which they are made. .................................. 21
Neuroeconomics: the neutral basis of decision making ................................................. 21
Something to consider ............................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 8 everyday memory and memory errors .................................................................... 4
Autobiographical memory: what has happened in my life ................................................. 4
Memory of “exceptional” events ............................................................................................. 4
Memory and emotion ............................................................................................................ 4
Flashbulb memories ................................................................................................................ 4
The constructive nature of memory......................................................................................... 5
How real-world knowledge affects memory ...................................................................... 5
Memory can be modified or created by suggestion ............................................................ 5
Creating false memories for early events in people’s lives ............................................... 5
Why do people make errors in eyewitness testimony? ......................................................... 5
12.3 storing information in the nervous system ........................................................................... 6
Blind alleys and abandoned mines ......................................................................................... 6
Learning and the Hebbian synapse ........................................................................................ 6
Single-cell mechanisms of invertebrate behavior change ............................................... 6
Alysia as an experimental animal......................................................................................... 6
Habituation in Aplysia ........................................................................................................... 6
Sensitization in Aplysia ............................................................................................................ 6
Long-term potentiation in vertebrates .................................................................................... 7
Biochemical mechanism ....................................................................................................... 7
Improving memory ..................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 8 The adaptive mind ...................................................................................................... 9
How do animals respond to their environment? .................................................................... 9
What are the three main types of learning? .......................................................................... 9
What is classical conditioning?............................................................................................... 10
Classical conditioning terminology .................................................................................... 10
Classical conditioning phenomena ................................................................................... 10
Cognitive and biological influences on classical conditioning ..................................... 10
Applying classical conditioning .......................................................................................... 10
What is operant conditioning? ............................................................................................... 11
Types of consequences ....................................................................................................... 11
Schedules of reinforcement ................................................................................................ 11
The method of successive approximations (shaping) ..................................................... 11
, Cognitive biological and social influences on operant conditioning ........................... 11
Applying operant conditioning .......................................................................................... 12
What is observational learning? ............................................................................................. 12
Albert Bandura and Aggression ......................................................................................... 12
Cultural transmissions of learning ........................................................................................ 12
Chapter 9 knowledge ................................................................................................................. 12
How are objects placed into categories .............................................................................. 12
Is there a psychologically “privileged” level of categories? .............................................. 13
Representing relationships between categories: semantic networks ............................... 13
Representing concepts in networks: the connectionist approach ................................... 13
The representation of concepts in the brain ........................................................................ 14
Something to consider ............................................................................................................. 14
Chapter 11 language.................................................................................................................. 14
What is language? ................................................................................................................... 14
The creativity of human language ..................................................................................... 14
Studying language ............................................................................................................... 14
Perceiving phonemes, words and letters .............................................................................. 15
Components of words.......................................................................................................... 15
How perceiving sounds and letters is affected by meaning .......................................... 15
Understanding words ............................................................................................................... 15
The word frequency effect.................................................................................................. 15
Lexical ambiguity .................................................................................................................. 15
Understanding sentences ....................................................................................................... 15
Semantic and syntax ............................................................................................................ 15
Understanding sentences: parsing ..................................................................................... 15
Understanding text and stories ............................................................................................... 16
Situation models .................................................................................................................... 16
Producing language: conversations ..................................................................................... 16
Something to consider ............................................................................................................. 16
Culture, language and cognition ...................................................................................... 16
Chapter 12 problem solving ....................................................................................................... 16
What is a problem? .................................................................................................................. 16
The Gestalt approach: problem solving as representation and restructuring ................. 17
Obstacles to problem solving ............................................................................................. 17
, The information-processing approach: problem solving as a search process ................ 17
Using analogies to solve problems ......................................................................................... 17
How experts solve problems ................................................................................................... 18
Creative problem solving ........................................................................................................ 18
Generating ideas .................................................................................................................. 18
Something to consider ............................................................................................................. 18
Chapter 13 judgement, reasoning and decisions ................................................................... 18
Making judgements ................................................................................................................. 18
The availability heuristic ....................................................................................................... 19
The representativeness heuristic ......................................................................................... 19
Preconceptions, attitudes and judgement ....................................................................... 19
Deductive reasoning: syllogisms and logic ........................................................................... 19
Mental models of deductive reasoning ............................................................................ 19
Conditional syllogisms .......................................................................................................... 20
Conditional reasoning: the Wason four-card problem ................................................... 20
Decision making: choosing among alternatives.................................................................. 20
The utility approach to decisions ........................................................................................ 20
How emotions affect decisions ........................................................................................... 20
Decisions can depend on the context in which they are made. .................................. 21
Neuroeconomics: the neutral basis of decision making ................................................. 21
Something to consider ............................................................................................................. 21
