Aantekeningen H&G Boek
Inhoudsopgave
Module 1 The science of the mind p 1-35 ............................................................................................... 5
The biological approach to behavior ................................................................................................... 7
The field of biological psychology and three main points to remember ........................................ 7
Module 4.1 Genetics and evolution of behavior ..................................................................................... 8
Mendelian genetics ............................................................................................................................. 8
Sex-linked and sex-limited genes .................................................................................................... 8
Genetic changes .............................................................................................................................. 8
Heredity and environment .................................................................................................................. 8
Environmental modification ............................................................................................................ 8
The evolution of behavior ................................................................................................................... 9
Common misunderstandings about revolution .............................................................................. 9
Evolutionary psychology...................................................................................................................... 9
The use of animals in research ............................................................................................................ 9
Module 1.1 the cells of the nervous system ......................................................................................... 10
Neurons ............................................................................................................................................. 10
The structures of an animal cell .................................................................................................... 10
The structure of a neuron ............................................................................................................. 10
Glia..................................................................................................................................................... 10
The blood-brain barrier ..................................................................................................................... 10
Nourishment of vertebrate neurons ................................................................................................. 11
Module 1.2 The nerve impulse.............................................................................................................. 11
The resting potential of the neuron .................................................................................................. 11
The action potential of the neuron ................................................................................................... 11
The all or non law .......................................................................................................................... 11
The molecular basis of the action potential .................................................................................. 11
Propagation of the action potential .................................................................................................. 12
The myelin sheath and saltatory conduction .................................................................................... 12
The refractory period .................................................................................................................... 12
Local neurons .................................................................................................................................... 12
Module 2.1 The concept of the synapse p 76-81 .................................................................................. 13
Properties of synapses ...................................................................................................................... 13
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP and action potentials ...................................................................... 13
Module 2.2 chemical events at the synapse ......................................................................................... 14
The discovery of chemical transmission at the synapses .................................................................. 14
1
,Aantekeningen H&G Boek
The sequence of chemical events at a synapse ................................................................................ 14
Types of neurotransmitters ........................................................................................................... 14
Synthesis of transmitters............................................................................................................... 14
Storage of transmitters ................................................................................................................. 15
Release and diffusion of transmitters ........................................................................................... 15
Activating receptors of the postsynaptic cell ................................................................................ 15
Drugs that act by binding to receptors.......................................................................................... 15
Inactivation and reuptake of neurotransmitters........................................................................... 15
Negative feedback from the postsynaptic cell .............................................................................. 16
Electrical synapses ......................................................................................................................... 16
Summary........................................................................................................................................ 16
Hormones .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Module 14.1 substance abuse............................................................................................................... 18
Drug mechanisms .............................................................................................................................. 18
Predispositions .................................................................................................................................. 18
Genetic influences ......................................................................................................................... 18
Environmental influences .............................................................................................................. 18
Behavioural predictors of abuse ................................................................................................... 18
Synaptic mechanisms ........................................................................................................................ 18
Role of dopamine .......................................................................................................................... 18
Cravings ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Tolerance and withdrawal ............................................................................................................. 18
Treatments ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Medication to combat alcohol abuse ............................................................................................ 18
Medication to combat opiate abuse ............................................................................................. 18
Module 3.1 structure of the vertebrate nervous system ...................................................................... 19
Terminology to describe the nervous system ................................................................................... 19
The autonomic nervous system ........................................................................................................ 20
The brain............................................................................................................................................ 20
Drawings brain................................................................................................................................... 21
The ventricles .................................................................................................................................... 21
Module 3.2 The cerebral cortex ............................................................................................................ 22
Organisation of the cerebral cortex .................................................................................................. 22
3 of the lobes ..................................................................................................................................... 22
The frontal lobe ................................................................................................................................. 22
Functions of the prefrontal cortex ................................................................................................ 23
2
,Aantekeningen H&G Boek
How do the parts work together ....................................................................................................... 23
Module 3.3 research methods .............................................................................................................. 24
Effects of brain damage..................................................................................................................... 24
Effect of the brain stimulation .......................................................................................................... 24
Recording brain activity..................................................................................................................... 24
correlating brain anatomy with behaviour ....................................................................................... 25
Module 4.2 Development of the brain.................................................................................................. 26
Maturation of the vertebrate brain .................................................................................................. 26
Growth and development of neurons ........................................................................................... 26
New neurons later in live .............................................................................................................. 26
Pathfinding by axons ......................................................................................................................... 27
Chemical pathfinding by axons ..................................................................................................... 27
Specificity of axons connection ..................................................................................................... 27
Chemical gradients ........................................................................................................................ 27
Competition among axons as a general principle ............................................................................. 27
Determinants of neuronal survival.................................................................................................... 27
The vulnerable developing brain ....................................................................................................... 27
Differentiation in the cortex .............................................................................................................. 27
Fine-tuning by experience ................................................................................................................. 28
Experience and dendritic branching .............................................................................................. 28
Effects of special experiences ........................................................................................................... 28
Brain adaptations in people blind since infancy............................................................................ 28
Music training ................................................................................................................................ 28
Brain changes after briefer practice .............................................................................................. 28
When brain reorganization goes to far ......................................................................................... 28
Brain development and behavioural development .......................................................................... 28
Adolescence................................................................................................................................... 28
Old age........................................................................................................................................... 28
Module 4.3 plasticity after brain damage ............................................................................................. 29
Brain damage and short-term recovery ............................................................................................ 29
Reducing the harm of a stroke ...................................................................................................... 29
Later mechanisms of recovery .......................................................................................................... 29
Increased brain stimulation........................................................................................................... 29
Regrowth of axons......................................................................................................................... 29
Axon sprouting .............................................................................................................................. 29
Denervation supersensitivity......................................................................................................... 30
3
, Aantekeningen H&G Boek
Reorganized sensory representations and the phantom limb ...................................................... 30
Learned adjustments in behavior .................................................................................................. 30
Module 7.1 control of movement ......................................................................................................... 31
Muscles and their movements .......................................................................................................... 31
Fast and slow muscles ................................................................................................................... 31
Muscle control by proprioceptors ................................................................................................. 31
Units of movement............................................................................................................................ 32
Voluntary and involuntary movements......................................................................................... 32
Movements varying in sensitivity .................................................................................................. 32
Sequences of behaviors................................................................................................................. 32
Module 7.2 brain mechanisms of movement ....................................................................................... 33
The cerebral cortex ........................................................................................................................... 33
Planning a movement.................................................................................................................... 33
Inhibiting a movement .................................................................................................................. 33
Mirror neurons .............................................................................................................................. 34
Connections from the brain to the spinal cord ............................................................................. 34
The cerebellum .................................................................................................................................. 35
Functions other than movement .................................................................................................. 35
Cellular organization...................................................................................................................... 35
The basal ganglia ............................................................................................................................... 36
Brain areas and motor learning ......................................................................................................... 36
Conscious decisions and movement ................................................................................................. 36
Module 7.3 movement disorders .......................................................................................................... 37
Parkinson’s disease ........................................................................................................................... 37
Causes ............................................................................................................................................ 37
L-Dopa treatment .......................................................................................................................... 37
Huntington’s disease ......................................................................................................................... 37
Heredity and presymptomatic testing .......................................................................................... 37
4
Inhoudsopgave
Module 1 The science of the mind p 1-35 ............................................................................................... 5
The biological approach to behavior ................................................................................................... 7
The field of biological psychology and three main points to remember ........................................ 7
Module 4.1 Genetics and evolution of behavior ..................................................................................... 8
Mendelian genetics ............................................................................................................................. 8
Sex-linked and sex-limited genes .................................................................................................... 8
Genetic changes .............................................................................................................................. 8
Heredity and environment .................................................................................................................. 8
Environmental modification ............................................................................................................ 8
The evolution of behavior ................................................................................................................... 9
Common misunderstandings about revolution .............................................................................. 9
Evolutionary psychology...................................................................................................................... 9
The use of animals in research ............................................................................................................ 9
Module 1.1 the cells of the nervous system ......................................................................................... 10
Neurons ............................................................................................................................................. 10
The structures of an animal cell .................................................................................................... 10
The structure of a neuron ............................................................................................................. 10
Glia..................................................................................................................................................... 10
The blood-brain barrier ..................................................................................................................... 10
Nourishment of vertebrate neurons ................................................................................................. 11
Module 1.2 The nerve impulse.............................................................................................................. 11
The resting potential of the neuron .................................................................................................. 11
The action potential of the neuron ................................................................................................... 11
The all or non law .......................................................................................................................... 11
The molecular basis of the action potential .................................................................................. 11
Propagation of the action potential .................................................................................................. 12
The myelin sheath and saltatory conduction .................................................................................... 12
The refractory period .................................................................................................................... 12
Local neurons .................................................................................................................................... 12
Module 2.1 The concept of the synapse p 76-81 .................................................................................. 13
Properties of synapses ...................................................................................................................... 13
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP and action potentials ...................................................................... 13
Module 2.2 chemical events at the synapse ......................................................................................... 14
The discovery of chemical transmission at the synapses .................................................................. 14
1
,Aantekeningen H&G Boek
The sequence of chemical events at a synapse ................................................................................ 14
Types of neurotransmitters ........................................................................................................... 14
Synthesis of transmitters............................................................................................................... 14
Storage of transmitters ................................................................................................................. 15
Release and diffusion of transmitters ........................................................................................... 15
Activating receptors of the postsynaptic cell ................................................................................ 15
Drugs that act by binding to receptors.......................................................................................... 15
Inactivation and reuptake of neurotransmitters........................................................................... 15
Negative feedback from the postsynaptic cell .............................................................................. 16
Electrical synapses ......................................................................................................................... 16
Summary........................................................................................................................................ 16
Hormones .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Module 14.1 substance abuse............................................................................................................... 18
Drug mechanisms .............................................................................................................................. 18
Predispositions .................................................................................................................................. 18
Genetic influences ......................................................................................................................... 18
Environmental influences .............................................................................................................. 18
Behavioural predictors of abuse ................................................................................................... 18
Synaptic mechanisms ........................................................................................................................ 18
Role of dopamine .......................................................................................................................... 18
Cravings ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Tolerance and withdrawal ............................................................................................................. 18
Treatments ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Medication to combat alcohol abuse ............................................................................................ 18
Medication to combat opiate abuse ............................................................................................. 18
Module 3.1 structure of the vertebrate nervous system ...................................................................... 19
Terminology to describe the nervous system ................................................................................... 19
The autonomic nervous system ........................................................................................................ 20
The brain............................................................................................................................................ 20
Drawings brain................................................................................................................................... 21
The ventricles .................................................................................................................................... 21
Module 3.2 The cerebral cortex ............................................................................................................ 22
Organisation of the cerebral cortex .................................................................................................. 22
3 of the lobes ..................................................................................................................................... 22
The frontal lobe ................................................................................................................................. 22
Functions of the prefrontal cortex ................................................................................................ 23
2
,Aantekeningen H&G Boek
How do the parts work together ....................................................................................................... 23
Module 3.3 research methods .............................................................................................................. 24
Effects of brain damage..................................................................................................................... 24
Effect of the brain stimulation .......................................................................................................... 24
Recording brain activity..................................................................................................................... 24
correlating brain anatomy with behaviour ....................................................................................... 25
Module 4.2 Development of the brain.................................................................................................. 26
Maturation of the vertebrate brain .................................................................................................. 26
Growth and development of neurons ........................................................................................... 26
New neurons later in live .............................................................................................................. 26
Pathfinding by axons ......................................................................................................................... 27
Chemical pathfinding by axons ..................................................................................................... 27
Specificity of axons connection ..................................................................................................... 27
Chemical gradients ........................................................................................................................ 27
Competition among axons as a general principle ............................................................................. 27
Determinants of neuronal survival.................................................................................................... 27
The vulnerable developing brain ....................................................................................................... 27
Differentiation in the cortex .............................................................................................................. 27
Fine-tuning by experience ................................................................................................................. 28
Experience and dendritic branching .............................................................................................. 28
Effects of special experiences ........................................................................................................... 28
Brain adaptations in people blind since infancy............................................................................ 28
Music training ................................................................................................................................ 28
Brain changes after briefer practice .............................................................................................. 28
When brain reorganization goes to far ......................................................................................... 28
Brain development and behavioural development .......................................................................... 28
Adolescence................................................................................................................................... 28
Old age........................................................................................................................................... 28
Module 4.3 plasticity after brain damage ............................................................................................. 29
Brain damage and short-term recovery ............................................................................................ 29
Reducing the harm of a stroke ...................................................................................................... 29
Later mechanisms of recovery .......................................................................................................... 29
Increased brain stimulation........................................................................................................... 29
Regrowth of axons......................................................................................................................... 29
Axon sprouting .............................................................................................................................. 29
Denervation supersensitivity......................................................................................................... 30
3
, Aantekeningen H&G Boek
Reorganized sensory representations and the phantom limb ...................................................... 30
Learned adjustments in behavior .................................................................................................. 30
Module 7.1 control of movement ......................................................................................................... 31
Muscles and their movements .......................................................................................................... 31
Fast and slow muscles ................................................................................................................... 31
Muscle control by proprioceptors ................................................................................................. 31
Units of movement............................................................................................................................ 32
Voluntary and involuntary movements......................................................................................... 32
Movements varying in sensitivity .................................................................................................. 32
Sequences of behaviors................................................................................................................. 32
Module 7.2 brain mechanisms of movement ....................................................................................... 33
The cerebral cortex ........................................................................................................................... 33
Planning a movement.................................................................................................................... 33
Inhibiting a movement .................................................................................................................. 33
Mirror neurons .............................................................................................................................. 34
Connections from the brain to the spinal cord ............................................................................. 34
The cerebellum .................................................................................................................................. 35
Functions other than movement .................................................................................................. 35
Cellular organization...................................................................................................................... 35
The basal ganglia ............................................................................................................................... 36
Brain areas and motor learning ......................................................................................................... 36
Conscious decisions and movement ................................................................................................. 36
Module 7.3 movement disorders .......................................................................................................... 37
Parkinson’s disease ........................................................................................................................... 37
Causes ............................................................................................................................................ 37
L-Dopa treatment .......................................................................................................................... 37
Huntington’s disease ......................................................................................................................... 37
Heredity and presymptomatic testing .......................................................................................... 37
4
