Physiological Psychology Final Exam 2023 with complete
solution;(PSYC 3240, Clemson University)
Physiological Psychology
the branch of psychology that studies the relationships between behavior and the body,
particularly the brain -- this not neuroscience
Behavior
includes internal events such as learning, thinking, and emotion, as well as the overt
acts everyone would identify as behavior
Neuroscience
the multidisciplinary study of the nervous system (all aspects: anatomical, chemical,
physiological, developmental, etc.)
Mind-Brain Problem
the philosophical question the deals with what the mind is and what its relationship is to
the brain
Two Philosophical Views to the Mind-Brain Problem
Dualism and Monism
Dualism
the mind and brain belong to different worlds -- the brain controls the mind by
"interacting" with it (mind=non-physical; brain=physical)
Monism
the idea that the mind and the body consist of the same substance -- the mind is the
"product" of the physical processes in the brain
Model
a proposed mechanism for how something works
René Descartes
-17th century French Dualist philosopher; wrote that the body of every organism is a
machine
-Can discover how the machine interacts with the body at a single point in the brain -
the Pineal Gland
-Put an emphasis on the physical explanation of behavior
Descartes' Hydraulic Model
- A plumbing system model for how the nervous system works
- Nerves are hollow tubes where a fluid ("animal spirit") flows
- Fluid inside the nervous system (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
- Believed that behavior was controlled by animal spirits flowing through the nerves
- Pineal Gland pumps the fluid through brain and nerves
- Mind (soul) tilts the pineal gland to direct fluid to specific nerves —> specific muscles
inflate (move)
-Significant because this model can be tested
,Empiricism
- The gathering information and evidence through observation rather than logic,
intuition, or other means
-An important result of Descartes' Hydraulic Model
Localization
-The idea that specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions
-Phineas Gage: iron rod through frontal lobes; no impairment of intelligence, memory,
speech, or movement but was unable to abide by societal norms
-Paul Broca: discovered Broca's Area after doing autopsy on most of man who lost the
ability to speak after a stoke
Nature vs. Nurture
how important heredity is relative to environmental influences shaping behavior
Gene
-The biological unit that directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics
-Found on chromosomes
-Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
-double stranded chain of molecules (bases)
-Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine -- the order that these appear on the ladder
forms the code that carries all genetic information
Allele
different versions of a gene
Dominant Gene
Produce its effect regardless of which gene it is paired with
Recessive Gene
Will have influence only when it is paired with the same recessive gene on the other
chromosome
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Polygenic
describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes
Neurons
-specialized cells that receive information and send it to other cells
, -carry information within the brain and throughout the rest of the body
-Parts of a neuron: soma, dendrites, axon, terminals
Soma
cell body of a neuron
Dendrites
extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive information from other neurons
Axon
extends like a tail from the cell body and carries information to other locations
Terminals
-located at the ends of the axon
-contain chemical neurotransmitters, which releases to communicate with a muscle or
an organ or to the next neuron in a chain
Motor Neurons
-neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles
and glands
-the "output" neurons
Sensory Neurons
-neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and
spinal cord
-the "input" neurons
Interneuron
a neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Glial Cells
-cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
-produce myelin
-Types of Glial Cells: oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and Nodes of Ranvier
Meylin
Insulates axons, improving speed and efficiency of conduction
Oligodendrocytes
-build myelin around axons in the brain and spinal cord
-Type of glial cell in the CNS
Schwann Cells
-build myelin around axons in the periphery
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath
Neural Membrane
-Critical for the neuron's ability to carry information consisting of phospholipids and
proteins
solution;(PSYC 3240, Clemson University)
Physiological Psychology
the branch of psychology that studies the relationships between behavior and the body,
particularly the brain -- this not neuroscience
Behavior
includes internal events such as learning, thinking, and emotion, as well as the overt
acts everyone would identify as behavior
Neuroscience
the multidisciplinary study of the nervous system (all aspects: anatomical, chemical,
physiological, developmental, etc.)
Mind-Brain Problem
the philosophical question the deals with what the mind is and what its relationship is to
the brain
Two Philosophical Views to the Mind-Brain Problem
Dualism and Monism
Dualism
the mind and brain belong to different worlds -- the brain controls the mind by
"interacting" with it (mind=non-physical; brain=physical)
Monism
the idea that the mind and the body consist of the same substance -- the mind is the
"product" of the physical processes in the brain
Model
a proposed mechanism for how something works
René Descartes
-17th century French Dualist philosopher; wrote that the body of every organism is a
machine
-Can discover how the machine interacts with the body at a single point in the brain -
the Pineal Gland
-Put an emphasis on the physical explanation of behavior
Descartes' Hydraulic Model
- A plumbing system model for how the nervous system works
- Nerves are hollow tubes where a fluid ("animal spirit") flows
- Fluid inside the nervous system (Cerebral Spinal Fluid)
- Believed that behavior was controlled by animal spirits flowing through the nerves
- Pineal Gland pumps the fluid through brain and nerves
- Mind (soul) tilts the pineal gland to direct fluid to specific nerves —> specific muscles
inflate (move)
-Significant because this model can be tested
,Empiricism
- The gathering information and evidence through observation rather than logic,
intuition, or other means
-An important result of Descartes' Hydraulic Model
Localization
-The idea that specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions
-Phineas Gage: iron rod through frontal lobes; no impairment of intelligence, memory,
speech, or movement but was unable to abide by societal norms
-Paul Broca: discovered Broca's Area after doing autopsy on most of man who lost the
ability to speak after a stoke
Nature vs. Nurture
how important heredity is relative to environmental influences shaping behavior
Gene
-The biological unit that directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics
-Found on chromosomes
-Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
-double stranded chain of molecules (bases)
-Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine -- the order that these appear on the ladder
forms the code that carries all genetic information
Allele
different versions of a gene
Dominant Gene
Produce its effect regardless of which gene it is paired with
Recessive Gene
Will have influence only when it is paired with the same recessive gene on the other
chromosome
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Polygenic
describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes
Neurons
-specialized cells that receive information and send it to other cells
, -carry information within the brain and throughout the rest of the body
-Parts of a neuron: soma, dendrites, axon, terminals
Soma
cell body of a neuron
Dendrites
extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive information from other neurons
Axon
extends like a tail from the cell body and carries information to other locations
Terminals
-located at the ends of the axon
-contain chemical neurotransmitters, which releases to communicate with a muscle or
an organ or to the next neuron in a chain
Motor Neurons
-neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles
and glands
-the "output" neurons
Sensory Neurons
-neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and
spinal cord
-the "input" neurons
Interneuron
a neuron that carries nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Glial Cells
-cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
-produce myelin
-Types of Glial Cells: oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and Nodes of Ranvier
Meylin
Insulates axons, improving speed and efficiency of conduction
Oligodendrocytes
-build myelin around axons in the brain and spinal cord
-Type of glial cell in the CNS
Schwann Cells
-build myelin around axons in the periphery
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath
Neural Membrane
-Critical for the neuron's ability to carry information consisting of phospholipids and
proteins
