Personality Clemson Exam 1 with complete solution
Personality
is defined by a set of psychological trait and mechanisms within the individual that are
organized and relatively enduring and can influence their inheritance.
According to the professor , What are traits ?
Traits are personalities and we have 20,000 trait descriptive adjectives.
Optimism example (Half Full)
Input: Being Successful
Decision Rules: Scan the environment for the positives of the situation.
Output: continue to work hard
Define Traits
enduring ,organized mechanisms that are linked . They go with us from situation to
situation .
Millgram Experiment
explored under what conditions people would obey authority.
Every time the student would get question wrong then a shock was administered .
Dr. Phillip Zimbardo
(ASCH conformity Experiment )
studying if and how individuals yielded to or defied a majority group and the effect of
such influences on beliefs and opinions.
informational conformity
conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to
adopt new beliefs and/or attitudes
normative conformity
the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and
gain acceptance.
Standford Prison Experiment
philip zimbardo randomply assigned college students to either be prisoners or guards
and watched how they became the characters they were assigned--lasted only 6 days.
Personality can alter
-Perception or how we interpret a situation
-selection of situations we want to enter
-Evocations or the reactions we elicit from others
-manipulations or how we want to persuade others
What are some challenges to personality
-traits are internal
-stability across time
-Stability across situations
human nature
how are we like all others
naturalistic observations
observers witness and record events that occur in the normal course of the lives of
participants .
what is an advantage of naturalistic observations ?
, maintains an advantage of being able to secure info in a realistic context.
What is an disadvantage of naturalistic observations ?
cost of not being able to control the events witnessed , also target behavior may not
occur .
artificial observation
Advantage of controlling conditions and eliciting relevant behavior, but sacrifices
realism. Which makes observations more difficult.
- occurs in artificial setting or situation
Observation data disadvantages
-subject reactivity
-time consuming
-subjects object to being observed
-observer bias
Self Report Data (S-Data)
Information provided by a person, such as through a survey or interview
unstructured items
open-ended questions
examples; response options are provided "you are afraid of heights , True/false
example 2: likert scale (on a scale 1-7 how outgoing are you ?)
Survey Research
valuable in measuring where observation is difficult , large N, quick , individuals have
access to a wealth of info about themselves that is inaccessible to anyone else.
disadvantages of survey research
-biased sample
-retrospective
-social desirability
-people lack self knowledge
Test Data (T-Data)
A common source of personality-relevant information comes from standardized tests (T-
data). In these measures, participants are placed in a standardized testing situation to
see if different people react or behave differently to an identical situation. Taking an
exam, like the Scholastic Aptitude Test, would be one example of T-data as a measure
used to predict success in school.
Normative Test
norms measuring personality .
a standard set of questions asked and subject responses are compared to a normative
sample
Mechanical Recording Devices
automated device octameter to measure children's activity level.
physiological data
fMRI or PET
projective test
Personality
is defined by a set of psychological trait and mechanisms within the individual that are
organized and relatively enduring and can influence their inheritance.
According to the professor , What are traits ?
Traits are personalities and we have 20,000 trait descriptive adjectives.
Optimism example (Half Full)
Input: Being Successful
Decision Rules: Scan the environment for the positives of the situation.
Output: continue to work hard
Define Traits
enduring ,organized mechanisms that are linked . They go with us from situation to
situation .
Millgram Experiment
explored under what conditions people would obey authority.
Every time the student would get question wrong then a shock was administered .
Dr. Phillip Zimbardo
(ASCH conformity Experiment )
studying if and how individuals yielded to or defied a majority group and the effect of
such influences on beliefs and opinions.
informational conformity
conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to
adopt new beliefs and/or attitudes
normative conformity
the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and
gain acceptance.
Standford Prison Experiment
philip zimbardo randomply assigned college students to either be prisoners or guards
and watched how they became the characters they were assigned--lasted only 6 days.
Personality can alter
-Perception or how we interpret a situation
-selection of situations we want to enter
-Evocations or the reactions we elicit from others
-manipulations or how we want to persuade others
What are some challenges to personality
-traits are internal
-stability across time
-Stability across situations
human nature
how are we like all others
naturalistic observations
observers witness and record events that occur in the normal course of the lives of
participants .
what is an advantage of naturalistic observations ?
, maintains an advantage of being able to secure info in a realistic context.
What is an disadvantage of naturalistic observations ?
cost of not being able to control the events witnessed , also target behavior may not
occur .
artificial observation
Advantage of controlling conditions and eliciting relevant behavior, but sacrifices
realism. Which makes observations more difficult.
- occurs in artificial setting or situation
Observation data disadvantages
-subject reactivity
-time consuming
-subjects object to being observed
-observer bias
Self Report Data (S-Data)
Information provided by a person, such as through a survey or interview
unstructured items
open-ended questions
examples; response options are provided "you are afraid of heights , True/false
example 2: likert scale (on a scale 1-7 how outgoing are you ?)
Survey Research
valuable in measuring where observation is difficult , large N, quick , individuals have
access to a wealth of info about themselves that is inaccessible to anyone else.
disadvantages of survey research
-biased sample
-retrospective
-social desirability
-people lack self knowledge
Test Data (T-Data)
A common source of personality-relevant information comes from standardized tests (T-
data). In these measures, participants are placed in a standardized testing situation to
see if different people react or behave differently to an identical situation. Taking an
exam, like the Scholastic Aptitude Test, would be one example of T-data as a measure
used to predict success in school.
Normative Test
norms measuring personality .
a standard set of questions asked and subject responses are compared to a normative
sample
Mechanical Recording Devices
automated device octameter to measure children's activity level.
physiological data
fMRI or PET
projective test
