SFSU BIO 230 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION
Why is homeostasis important?
to maintain a relatively stable environment, within limits.
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
through cooperation of multiple organ systems, including the endocrine and nervous
system
What is a homeostatic set point?
The level in where the temperature of the body is maintained.
Which organs are involved in water, and glucose balance?
The small intestine is involved with balancing water. The pancreas is involved in
balancing glucose.
Where do different molecules enter your body?
The Blood Stream.
How are they absorbed?
osmosis
How do they get to other regions of the body?
Through the blood stream
What are capillaries?
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and
venules.
What is interstitial space?
space/fluid in BETWEEN cells
How do different types of molecules (water, glucose, oxygen, sodium, chloride) cross
cell membranes and travel between different organs?
Cell membrane is semipermeable to water. Oxygen move across cell membranes
simple diffusion, a process that requires no energy input and is driven by differences in
concentration on either side of the cell membrane. Food is broken up through digestion
and diffuse into the blood through microvilli in the intestinal wall.
How is water regulated in your body?
Homeostasis
What is osmosis and what does it have to do with water balance?
The diffusion of water to create an equilibrium with salt.
Where does the water in your body come from?
Liquids, foods and cellular respiration.
How does your body eliminate water?
Through urinating, sweating, and feces.
Which organ systems are involved in water balance and what is their role?
kidney regulates by controlling water concentration in blood plasma
What happened to Cynthia Lucero?
Through the consumption of too much water she flooded her cells to balance the
equilibrium of solutes and thus caused swelling of the cells
Is Gatorade hypotonic or hypertonic to the blood of a normal person?
gatorade is hypotonic to the blood (more sodium outside cell) diluted by gatorade
, How does cholera affect water homeostasis?
Cholera causes dehydration.
If 2 solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane (permeable to water) and
side A is hypertonic to side B, which way will the water molecules be most likely to
move?
To side B to dilute the solutes
How is the structure of the small intestine related to its function?
Absorption by osmosis through the cell walls into the vascular capillaries inside the villi
How are glucose levels regulated in your body?
(homeostasis) Regulated through the liver, pancreas, and muscles
What happens when your body cannot control glucose levels?
Insulin receptor is not functioning, then the insulin will not be able to travel through the
cell membrane, pancreas and you develop diabetes.
Where does the glucose in your body come from?
We eat food, the food gets absorbed, excess glycogen is stored in the liver, which later
we can use to convert into glucose. Pancreas - responsible for regulating the use of
insulin to use glucose as energy. Glut4 transfers glucose from blood -> cell membrane -
> tissues/muscles
What is insulin and how does it work?
Insulin is a hormone produced by your pancreas as the concentration of glucose in your
bloodstream rises. Your pancreas senses this increase and is stimulated to release
insulin into your bloodstream which plays a role in regulating the concentration of
glucose in your blood through a process known as glucose homeostasis.
What is glucagon and how does it work?
When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the glycogen into
individual glucose molecules and release them into the bloodstream.
Which organ systems are involved in glucose balance and what is their role?
Liver, pancreas, muscle
What is diabetes?
A condition whereby the body is not able to regulate levels of glucose (a sugar) in the
blood, resulting in too much glucose being present in the blood. In type two this is due
to the your cells becoming resistant to insulin and type one you do not produce insulin.
What are the warning signs of diabetes?
1. Excessive thirst/frequent urination,
2. Unexplained weight loss or gain,
3. Weakness and fatigue,
4. Tingling or numbness in hands, legs or feet,
5. Blurred vision,
6. Dry and itchy skin,
7. Frequent infections,
8. Cuts or bruises heal slowly.
What are the risk factors of diabetes?
Life-threatening health problems, loss of limbs
Type 1 diabetes
immune system kills cells that produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes
SOLUTION
Why is homeostasis important?
to maintain a relatively stable environment, within limits.
How does the body maintain homeostasis?
through cooperation of multiple organ systems, including the endocrine and nervous
system
What is a homeostatic set point?
The level in where the temperature of the body is maintained.
Which organs are involved in water, and glucose balance?
The small intestine is involved with balancing water. The pancreas is involved in
balancing glucose.
Where do different molecules enter your body?
The Blood Stream.
How are they absorbed?
osmosis
How do they get to other regions of the body?
Through the blood stream
What are capillaries?
any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and
venules.
What is interstitial space?
space/fluid in BETWEEN cells
How do different types of molecules (water, glucose, oxygen, sodium, chloride) cross
cell membranes and travel between different organs?
Cell membrane is semipermeable to water. Oxygen move across cell membranes
simple diffusion, a process that requires no energy input and is driven by differences in
concentration on either side of the cell membrane. Food is broken up through digestion
and diffuse into the blood through microvilli in the intestinal wall.
How is water regulated in your body?
Homeostasis
What is osmosis and what does it have to do with water balance?
The diffusion of water to create an equilibrium with salt.
Where does the water in your body come from?
Liquids, foods and cellular respiration.
How does your body eliminate water?
Through urinating, sweating, and feces.
Which organ systems are involved in water balance and what is their role?
kidney regulates by controlling water concentration in blood plasma
What happened to Cynthia Lucero?
Through the consumption of too much water she flooded her cells to balance the
equilibrium of solutes and thus caused swelling of the cells
Is Gatorade hypotonic or hypertonic to the blood of a normal person?
gatorade is hypotonic to the blood (more sodium outside cell) diluted by gatorade
, How does cholera affect water homeostasis?
Cholera causes dehydration.
If 2 solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane (permeable to water) and
side A is hypertonic to side B, which way will the water molecules be most likely to
move?
To side B to dilute the solutes
How is the structure of the small intestine related to its function?
Absorption by osmosis through the cell walls into the vascular capillaries inside the villi
How are glucose levels regulated in your body?
(homeostasis) Regulated through the liver, pancreas, and muscles
What happens when your body cannot control glucose levels?
Insulin receptor is not functioning, then the insulin will not be able to travel through the
cell membrane, pancreas and you develop diabetes.
Where does the glucose in your body come from?
We eat food, the food gets absorbed, excess glycogen is stored in the liver, which later
we can use to convert into glucose. Pancreas - responsible for regulating the use of
insulin to use glucose as energy. Glut4 transfers glucose from blood -> cell membrane -
> tissues/muscles
What is insulin and how does it work?
Insulin is a hormone produced by your pancreas as the concentration of glucose in your
bloodstream rises. Your pancreas senses this increase and is stimulated to release
insulin into your bloodstream which plays a role in regulating the concentration of
glucose in your blood through a process known as glucose homeostasis.
What is glucagon and how does it work?
When glucagon binds to the glucagon receptors, the liver cells convert the glycogen into
individual glucose molecules and release them into the bloodstream.
Which organ systems are involved in glucose balance and what is their role?
Liver, pancreas, muscle
What is diabetes?
A condition whereby the body is not able to regulate levels of glucose (a sugar) in the
blood, resulting in too much glucose being present in the blood. In type two this is due
to the your cells becoming resistant to insulin and type one you do not produce insulin.
What are the warning signs of diabetes?
1. Excessive thirst/frequent urination,
2. Unexplained weight loss or gain,
3. Weakness and fatigue,
4. Tingling or numbness in hands, legs or feet,
5. Blurred vision,
6. Dry and itchy skin,
7. Frequent infections,
8. Cuts or bruises heal slowly.
What are the risk factors of diabetes?
Life-threatening health problems, loss of limbs
Type 1 diabetes
immune system kills cells that produce insulin
Type 2 diabetes
