Portage Learning: A&P 1 Module 1

Portage Learning: A&P 1 Module 1 chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level There six levels of organization of the body- what are they? Integumentary The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system? groups of similar cells that have a common function tissue level epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous Types of tissues Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. Specialized in secretion and absorption. epithelial tissue A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts connective tissue A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move. muscle tissue A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. nervous tissue muscular The function of movement is provided by what system? Nervous The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? Digestive The function of digestion is provided by what system? making more complex cellular structures from simpler ones What is anabolism? the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism. What is catabolism? digestive, respiratory and urinary Excretion involves what systems? the endocrine system The reproductive system is controlled by what other system? Epithelium Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron transport system Name the three steps in cellular respiration. ATP is a very energy rich molecule the powers the cellular activities allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions What is the purpose of ATP? The cells that make up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissue, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions What are the four basic tissue types? superficial Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction? deep Away from the body surface is what direction? intermediate Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation? medial Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction? inferior Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what direction? superior Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? ventral (anterior) Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? distal Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? proximal Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? Dorsal (posterior) Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? Flexion Closing of a joint is which action? Extension Opening of a joint is which action? Supination In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? Because the bones of the forearm (radius/ulna) are uncrossed in the supinated position Why are the hands in supinated position Upward movement of a structure Elevation Downward movement of a structure Depression movement in the posterior direction Retraction movement in the anterior direction Protraction: Look at the figure below of the right elbow. What is the demonstrated action (in the direction of the arrow)? Elbow Extension Look at the figure below of the right hand. A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally towards the radius. What is this action called (towards label A)? Radial Deviation Axial division This body division includes the head neck and trunk? Sagittal This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts Frontal These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts Superior and Inferior A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts: Oblique These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. Dorsal body cavity This body cavity protects the nervous system. Cranial This body cavity encases the brain. Spinal This cavity encloses the spinal cord. Coronal The frontal plane is also known as the - - plane. Thoracic and abdominopelvic The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities: pericardial This cavity encloses the heart: Serosa The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called the inflammation of the pleurae, which impairs their lubricating function and causes pain when breathing. It is caused by pneumonia and other diseases of the chest or abdomen. What is pleurisy? Right upper, Left upper, Right lower and Left lower The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants? Umbilical This region surrounds the naval Iliac This region houses the pelvis Oral This cavity houses the teeth and tongue. Orbital This cavity houses the eyes Synovial fluid Joints are lined with what? Middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes This cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Metabolic processes such as transportation of wastes across the membrane and diffusion can all occur at a faster rate. Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small 1) Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch); therefore, they are just visible with the light microscope. 2) The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means "before the nucleus"). 3) Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells. Explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell nucleus tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins ribosomes synthesizes lipids smooth ER modifies and transports proteins derived from the ribosomes that are found along its surface rough ER take the coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis. RNA dormant, extremely durable cell produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum which can lead to botulism endospore - responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell Golgi complex possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules lysosome Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production mitochondria contains specialized "pumps" and "gates" that regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell. In prokaryotic cells the membrane folds inward to provide a place for reactions to take place plasma membrane Microtubules are hollow and anchored to the MTOC; microfilaments are solid and create movement. microtubules and microfilaments extracellular matrix contains collagen fibers, found in human/animal cells. extracellular matrix Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. This process is called aerobic respiration. During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced. Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production One of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death. Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) Larger, complex, with nucleus, membrane bound organelles, DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins in chromosomes, cellulose in plant cell walls. Eukaryotic cells Small, simple, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, single loop of DNA (nucleosome), no cellulose, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall (made of carbs), somtimes have cilia or flagella (movement). Prokaryotic cells water loving Hydrophilic Water fearing Hydrophobic thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ membranes movement of molecules across a membrane via transport proteins without energy from ATP hydrolysis facilitated diffusion (passive transport) the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration diffusion Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference active transport A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane. endocytosis An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells Protein when the concentration of two solutions is the same Isotonic Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution Hypotonic Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. Hypertonic A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. cholesterol Diagram of Cell Membrane label a diagram of the cell membrane TERM Epidermis DEFINITION the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates LOCATION TERM Dermis DEFINITION The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels. LOCATION TERM Hypodermis DEFINITION Aso called a subcutaneous layer, this is a layer of *fat located under the dermis of the skin. The hypodermis helps to insulate the body and protects underlying muscles and other structures. LOCATION TERM Sweat Gland DEFINITION The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin. LOCATION TERM Hair Root DEFINITION The part of the hair located below the surface of the epidermis. LOCATION TERM Hair Shaft DEFINITION The portion of hair that projects above the epidermi