Module 3, A&P 1 Portage

Module 3, A&P 1 Portage 2023 Rated A+ mouth structures Ans- lips, cheeks, hard/soft palate, tongue, uvula tongue attached too... Ans- 1) hyoid bone 2) mandible 3) lingual frenulum lingual frenulum Ans- Fold of mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth uvula Ans- soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate mastication Ans- the process of chewing Amylase Ans- Enzyme in saliva (salivary gland) that breaks the chemical bonds in starches number of teeth Ans- 32 Maxilla Ans- upper arch of teeth Mandible Ans- lower arch of teeth Incisors Ans- biting canine Ans- cutting Pre-molars Ans- grinding (2) Molars Ans- grinding (3) 3 parts of the tooth Ans- crown, neck, root tooth root Ans- largest, located in alveolar process of the jaw bone tooth neck Ans- upper portion of gums tooth crown Ans- visible portion above gum line Dentin Ans- bonelike material under enamel most of tooth enamel Ans- hard, outermost layer of a tooth, protects Bolus Ans- A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva tongue functions Ans- -Repositioning and mixing food during chewing -Formation of the bolus -Initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste papillae Ans- raised bumps on the tongue types of papillae Ans- filiform, fungiform, circumvallate taste buds Ans- chemical receptors, found in circumvallate and fungiform papillae taste buds found Ans- tongue, surface of mouth, wall of pharynx Pharynx Ans- throat,connects the mouth to the esophagus Muscles of the Pharynx Ans- circumferential outer layer, inner longitudinal layer Mucosa Ans- inner layer, secretes mucus in GI tract Submucosa Ans- A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes muscularis externa Ans- smooth muscle, inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer Serosa Ans- serous membrane, serous fluid stomach Ans- backward C shaped organ, left side lesser curvature of stomach Ans- concave medial surface greater curvature of stomach Ans- convex lateral surface peritoneum Ans- serous membrane that covers the stomach lesser omentum Ans- attaches stomach to liver greater omentum Ans- hangs like an apron, attaches to the greater curvature, covers transverse colon and small intestines 4 stomach parts Ans- 1) cardia 2) fundus 3) body 4) pyloric region cardia Ans- where food enters the stomach 2 purposes of stomach Ans- 1) temporary food storage 2) mechanical food breakdown rugae Ans- folds in the stomach that allow it to expand oblique layer Ans- extra muscle layer that allows food to mix more efficiently ulcer Ans- open sore in the wall of the stomach from breakdown of tissues H. pylori Ans- infection that causes duodenal ulcers by eating away at mucosal lining Chyme Ans- stomach contents pyloric sphincter Ans- ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum ileocecal valve Ans- Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines The longest part of the GI tract is the: Ans- small intestine (20 feet) 3 sections of small intestine Ans- 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum duodenum Ans- first part of the small intestine, enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver enter ileum (small intestine) Ans- largest section of small intestine circular folds of small intestine Ans- increase surface area for digestion and absorption 1800 sq ft Villi and microvilli in the small intestine _____. Ans- finger-like projections on circular folds lacteal Ans- a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids 8 Parts of the large intestine Ans- 1) cecum 2)appendix 3) ascending colon 4) transverse colon 5) descending colon 6) sigmoid colon 7) rectum 8) anal canal cecum Ans- entrance to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve appendicitis Ans- bacteria caused inflammation of the appendix large intestine function Ans- Reabsorbs water and stores and eliminates undigested food Pancreas Ans- sends pancreatic juice to the duodenum by the pancreatic duct pancreatic juice enzymes Ans- break down every kind of food 3 functions of the liver Ans- 1) produces bile 2) Stores glucose as glycogen 3)produces urea Gallbladder Ans- stores bile Urea Ans- A chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins 4 roles of the digestive system Ans- ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination Peristalsis Ans- rhythmic muscular contractions that squeeze food through the esophagus into the stomach salivary glands Ans- parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands parietal cells Ans- wall of stomach, secrete hydrochloric acid pepsinogen Ans- pre-enzyme, inactive form of pepsin Cholecystokinin Ans- An intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile Secretin Ans- hormone causes liver to secrete bile Bile Ans- A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles. digestion and absorption Ans- complete when food reaches end of the small intestine hormones that increase hunger Ans- Ghrelin, Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Endorphins Hormones that cause satiety Ans- Leptin, serotonin, and cholecystokinin (CCK) Leptin Ans- A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite. Ghrelin Ans- A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach essential amino acids Ans- The 9 amino acids the body cannot produce Anabolism Ans- Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. Catabolism Ans- Metabolic pathways that break