A&P 1 Lab 3 Key Terms: Digestive System (Portage Learning)

A&P 1 Lab 3 Key Terms: Digestive System (Portage Learning) Pharynx The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus Nasopharynx located above the soft palate - passes only air Oropharynx extends from the soft palate region to the epiglottis - passes food, water - or drink, and air Laryngiopharynx extends from the epiglottis to the beginning of the esophagus - also passes all three structures ( water, food, and drink Esophagus the muscular tube that carries the food to the stomach - straight muscular tube, helps to propel food, starts at the C6 vertebrae, just inferior to the larynx, and in front of the trachea - pierces the diaphragm then leads to the stomach Stomach located in upper left abdominal cavity - J-shaped organ, muscular sack - mechanical processes Buccal Cavity the oral cavity, the cheeks and mouth area, bordered by structures - lips, teeth, tongue, and palate Palate Hard - part of maxilla of skull and two separate bones (palatine bones) - and soft - made up of muscle tissue Amylase Enzyme in saliva ( salivary amylase ) that breaks down food - starts the process in the mouth ( only chemical process that begins in the oral cavity ) Incisor cut food, front teeth Canine puncture and shredding, side of mouth teeth Molar Premolar and molars, crushing and grinding to make food small enough to swallow, back teeth Crown above gum-line Root Below gum-line Neck of the Tooth where it meets the gum-line Dentin Body of the tooth - covered by enamel Pulp Cavity filled with pulp - inside gum cavity Enamel Hardest substance in the body - hardest to break down Epiglottis a small cartilage that covers the airway when we swallow - guides food to proper pipe Rugae found in the stomach, folds of tissue that allows for an increases surface area in the stomach, allows 4ml to 1 to 1.5L, extremely full can expand to 4L Esophageal Hiatus where the esophagus pierces the diaphragm Cardiac region/sphincter location near the heart, leads into fundus, the section where the esophagus enters the stomach Fundus the part of a hollow organ (such as the uterus or the gallbladder) that is farthest from the opening Greater/Lesser curvatures top is greater, bottom is lesser Pyloric region/sphincter where stomach narrows down to funnel shaped area Pyloric valve regulates food contents/residue that travels into the small intestine - improper function will cause regurgitation from food products from small intestine to the stomach - most common place to find gastric ulcers Small Intestine from stomach leads to large intestine - largest part of the digestive tract, fills most of the abdominal cavity - where most nutrient absorption occurs, most import part of nutrient absorption in the digestive system Duodenum region of the small intestine (first part that travels from stomach) Jejunum next after duodenum Ilium third region - nest after Jejnum Plicae Circulares present structures, increases surface area Villi finger like structures that increase surface area and allow for more nutrient absorption Mesentery web-like structure that serves as an anchor for the organ ( to the abdominal walls ) and prevent twisting of the intestines Large Intestine Colon Ascending Colon first part that turns into the traverse colon Transverse Colon from the Ascending colon to the descending colon Descending Colon last section of the colon that leads to the rectum Right/Left Colic Flexures 90 degree turns that lead one section of the colon to the other (Right is from ascending to transverse and left is transverse to the descending) Rectum next part of the intestines where the descending colon ends - end of intestines Anus where the food exits the body - part after the rectum Liver cleans blood, produces bile - four lobes (left and right) two posterior surface are two lobes called caudate lobe and quadrate lobe - stores nutrient, vitamins, and minerals Gallbladder found on the under surface the liver - stores bile produced by the liver, released to break down food/cholesterol Bile helps to digest fats and cholesterol Glycogen a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates - polysaccharide which forms glucose via hydrolysis Gallstones caused from an over abundance of cholesterol - blocks the duct of the passage of the bile from the gallbladder - can be the release for removal of the bladder ( Cholecystectomy ) Jaundice backup of bile - caused by Gallstones in many cases Cholecystectomy removal of the Gallbladder Pancreas gland that produces insulin - 99% of function aids in digestion, 1-2% aides in Insulin production - retroperitoneal gland ( behind the stomach and covered only on the front by connective tissues - aka peritoneum) - has a head, body, and, tail Insulin breaks down sugars - produced by the pancreas, overuse of insulin will cause type 2 diabetes, lack of production will cause type 1 diabetes Heterotrophic Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms Omnivore An animal that eats both plants and animals Are humans heterotrophs or autotrophs? heterotrophs alimentary canal digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus Alimentary Canal Organs mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas lingual frenulum Fold of mucous membrane that connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth Mastication mechanically breaking down food mouth structure surrounded by lips, cheeks, tongue, hard and soft palate - includes oral cavity and vestibule tounge manipulates food mass within mouth, assist in swallowing cough reflex a respiratory action to clear the lower respiratory tract of irritants such as food What are the two main divisions of the digestive system alimentary canal and accessory organs S3ven Parts of the digestive system Esophagus, Stomach, Large intestines, Mouth, pharynx, Anus, Small Intestines Six accessory organs of the digestive system teeth, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands Opening of mouth Lips Floor of mouth tongue Walls of Mouth Cheeks Rood of mouth Hard and Soft Palates What are the two bones and membrane that the tounge is attached too Hyoid Bone, Mandible, Lingual Frenulum How many teeth are there in an adult human 32 What do teeth do tear, crush, and grind food during chewing What is the specific function of the salivary glands in the digestive processes They contain enzymes such as amylase that aide in chemical digestion and they produce saliva that helps to soften food Where are taste buds located? Papillae of the tongue, surface of the mouth, and walls of the pharynx The three parts of the pharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx Through what section of the pharynx does air travel Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx Through what sections of the pharynx does food travel The Oropharynx and the Laryngopharynx What prevents food from entering the trachea? epiglottis How does the epiglottis prevent food from entering the lungs It blocks the airway to prevent food from entering the incorrect passageway Why is the epiglottis important? It prevents aspiration and aspiration pneumonia How does the muscular layers in the pharynx assist with food passage The two layers of the muscle contract alternatively causing peristalsis which squeezes the food into the esophagus List the tissue layers of the esophagus Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, and Serosa Mucosa The innermost layer of the human digestive tract; in some parts of the digestive system, it contains mucus-secreting cells and glands that secrete digestive enzymes Submucosa A layer of the human digestive system that contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymph nodes muscularis externa smooth muscle, inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer Serosa outermost layer that produces serous fluid Peristalsis the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward through the digestive tract What are the three main divisions of a tooth? Crown, Root, Neck of the tooth What are the three types of papillae on the tongue? Filiform, Circumvallate, Fungiform Which types of papillae contain taste buds? fungiform and circumvallate Describe the shape of the stomach and its location relative to the abdomen and diaphragm The stomach is a reverse C shaped organ below the diaphragm on the left side of the abdomen Describe the passage of food into and out of the stomach Food enters the stomach from the esophagus via the cardiac sphincter and exits the stomach via the pyloric sphincter Describe the lesser curvature extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach and the convex Describe the greater curvature extends outward on the longer side of the stomach Describe the lesser omentum attaches lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver Describe the greater omentum Connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the abdominal wall also known as A "Fatty apron" List and describe the two functions of the stomach 1. Temporary storage area for food - up to two liters of partially digested food typically 2. Mixing and breaking down food by relaxation and constriction of the muscular layers in the stomach (Digestion) What is the PH of the stomach 1.3 - 3.5. What determines the stomachs PH Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid which generates the pH levels above - these pH levels are acidic enough to kill bacteria ingested with food and low enough to stop the activity of salivary amylase What is the source of the stomach enzyme pepsin and what is its function? Pepsin is is an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins and polypeptides What is a stomach ulcer? When pepsin starts to digest the stomach lining due to gastric juices penetrating mucus in the stomach Explain in detail how the stomach contents enter the small intestine Stomach contents (chyme) are passed through a narrow opening controlled by a valve called the pyloric sphincter. When the sphincter relaxes chyme can pass through to the opening into the duodenum the first part of the small intestine List the 3 sections of the small intestine Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum Which section of the small intestine is the shortest? Duodenum Which section of the small intestine is the longest? Ileum What are the names of the valves which are located at the beginning and end of the small intestine? Pyloric sphincter and ileocecal valve List the names of the 3 specialized structures in the wall of the small intestine? Circular Folds, Villi, Microvilli Where is bile formed and stored? formed in liver, stored in gallbladder Describe in detail the 2 major functions of pancreatic juice 1. Contains sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes the chyme and makes the pH of the small intestine slightly basic 2. Contains digestive enzymes that acts on all areas of major foods Describe how fats, sugars, and amino acids are absorbed by the small intestine By enzymes in pancreatic juices that travel by way of the pancreatic duct to the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum of the small intestine What are the 3 functions of the liver that are important in digestion Producing bile Stores glucose as glycogen, Produces urea from amino acid groups that removed excess amino acids List the 8 regions of the large intestine Cecum, Appendix, Ascending Colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal, Transverse Colon What are the two sphincters of the anal caal? Internal Sphincter and External Sphincter List 4 functions of the large intestine 1. Propels Wastes from the body 2. Reabsorb water and electrolytes 3. Formation and storage of feces 4. Fermentation of indigestible food matter by bacteria What are the 2 major physiological problems caused by diarrhea? Electrolyte loss and Dehydration List the content of feces 75% Water 25% solid matter - ⅓ of which is intestinal bacterial and the other ⅔ is undigested plant material, fats, waste products inorganic materials such as mucus, and dead cells from the intestinal lining Name the 4 main functions performed by the digestive system Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Defecation Ingestion consumption of food orally Digestion breakdown of food mechanically and chemically Absorption Moving digested food into bloodstream Defecation exception of indigestible food from the anus What digestive system functions are carried out by the mouth? Ingestion and both forms of digestions Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the stomach 1. Chemical digestion happens via the hormone gastrin which stimulates the stomach to secret gastric juices which contain pepsinogens mucus, and hydrochloric acid. This effects PH and kills bacteria ingested along with food. 2. Mechanical digestion occurs when food is pushed along to the next step in the digestive system Explain which digestive system functions are carried out by the small intestine Absorption and digestion of both forms Explain the two main hormones that are responsible for hunger and satiety Leptin and Ghrelin Leptin alerts brain to turn off the hunger center in the brain and activate the satiety center when consuming a meal - made of adipose tissues (fat cells) Ghrelin produced by the stomach and has opposite role List the 5 biochemical materials needed by the body that are found in food Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals What are the 2 classes of carbohydrates and in what foods can each be found? Starches - Grains and vegetable