Class Notes for Skeletal and Muscular System

SKELETAL


5 TYPES OF BONE categorized by their shape and function:
1. FLAT BONES: protect internal organs
SKULL (occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, sacrinal, and vomer)
THORACIC CAGE (sternum and ribs)
PELVIS (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
2. LONG BONES: support weight and faciltate movement
LOWER LIMBS (tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsals, and phalanges)
UPPER LIMBS (humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges)
3. SHORT BONES: cube-shaped
CARPALS (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium)
TARSALS (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial
cuneiform)
4. IRREGULAR BONES: have complex shapes
VERTEBRAE
SACRUM
5. SESAMOID BONES: reinforce TENDONS


AXIAL SKELETON
1. SKULL BONES protect and form an entrance to the body.
 FACIAL SKELETON form the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts.
mandible, maxillae (r,l), zygomatics (r,l), and the bones that give shape to the nasal cavity:
lacrimals (r,l), nasals (r,l), vomer, palatines (r,l), and the nasal conchae (r,l).
 CRANIAL BONES support and protect the brain.
occipital bone, parietal bone (r,l), temporal bone (r,l), frontal bone, shpenoid, and ehtmoid.
4 major craniel structures:
1. LAMBOID SUTURE (between the occipital and parietal bones)
2. CORONAL SUTURE (between the frontal and parietal bones)
3. SAGITTAL SUTURE (between the two parietal bones)
4. SQUAMOUS SUTURES (between the temporal and parietal bones)
2. The HYOID BONE, LARYNGEAL SKELETON, and Bones of the Inner Ear Are Commonly
Categorized with Skull Bones
 Bones of the Inner Ear
Three smallest bones of the body: the malleus, incus, and stapes.
 Laryngeal Skeleton
Its movements both open and close the glottis and regulate the degree of tension of the vocal folds.

, 3. The Bones of the Vertebral Column: The VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and COCCYX
 The vertebral column is grouped into five regions: the cervical spine (C01-C07), the thoracic
spine (T01- T-12), the lumbar spine (L01-L05), the sacral spine, and the coccygeal spine.
4. The Bones of the THORACIC CAGE Protect Internal Organs
 Formed by the ribs and sternum.
 The sternum consists of the manubrium, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process.
 Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs because they articulate directly to the sternum.
 Ribs 8-12 are known as false ribs.


APPENDICULAR SKELETON
1. The Bones of the SHOULDER GIRDLE
 Consists of scapulae and clavicles.
 Connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
 Provide attachment for muscles that move the shoulders and upper limbs.
2. Bones of the UPPER LIMBS
 include the bones of the arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna), wrist, and hand.
 Wrist bones: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezoid, Trapezium, Capitate, Hamate.
 Hand bones: 5 bones that form the palm, and 14 bones that form the fingers and thumb.
 The wrist bones are called carpals. The bones that form the palm of the hand are called
metacarpals. The phalanges are the bones of the fingers.
3. The Bones of the PELVIS
 ring of bones attached to the vertebral column that connects the bones of the lower limbs to the
axial skeleton.
4. The Bones of the LOWER LIMBS
 Foot bones: has five metatarsals, five proximal phalanges, five distal phalanges, but only four
middle phalanges.
 Ankle bones: consists of seven tarsal bones: the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and three
cuneiforms.
 Foot Arches: formed by the interlocking bones and ligaments of the foot. They serve as
shock-asborbing structures that support body weight and distribute stress evenly during walking.


JOINTS - hold the skeleton together and support Joint Range of Motion and Material
movement.
Skull Sutures Immovable fibrous joints
1. Joints Can Be Grouped By Their Function into Three
RANGE OF MOTION. Knee Full movement synovial capsule hinge joint

Vertebrae Some movement cartilaginous joint