Module 3: Anatomy of Cellular Microorgansims DOMAIN EUKARYOTA OR EUKARYA - Prokaryotes fall into three basic categories based on 4. Delta Proteobacteria
their shape, visualized here using scanning electron - Some species generate a spore-forming fruiting
Universal Ancestor: - Their name comes from the greek eu, “true” and microscopy: (a) cocci, or spherical; (b) bacilli, or body in adverse conditions. Others reduce
Domain Eukarya karyon, “nut” or “kernel” rod-shaped; and (c) spirilli, or spiral-shaped. sulfate and sulfur.
Domain Archaea - A typical eukaryotic cell is surrounded by a plasma - Example: Myxobacteria, Desulfovibrio vulgaris,
o Euryachaeotes membrane and contains many different structures and Prokaryotic cell structures and functions 5. Epsilon Proteobacteria
o Crenachaeotes organelles with a variety of functions. The major - Many species inhabit the digestive tract of
Capsules and slime layers – Resistance to
o Nanoarchaeotes groups of microorganisms (fungi, protozoa and animals as symbionts or pathogens. Bacteria
algae), as well as parasitic worms and mites, and all phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces
o Korarchaeotes from this group have been found in deep-sea
Cell wall – Gives bacteria shape and protection from
Domain Bacteria plants and animals up to and including humans all hydrothermal vents and cold seep habitats.
belong to this group. lysis in dilute solutions
o Proteobacteria - Example: Campylobacter, Heliobacter pylori
o Chlamydias Endospore – Survival under harsh environmental
Eukaryotic cell structures and functions: conditions OTHER BACTERIAL PHYLA
o Spirochetes
o Cyanobacteria Fimbriae and pili – Attachment to surfaces, bacterial
Cell wall and pellicle – Strengthen and give shape to Note that bacterial shape is not phylum-dependent;
o Gram-Positive bacteria mating
the cell bacteria within a phylum may be cocci, rod-shaped, or spiral.
Flagella – Provides the power of motility or self-
Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells Chloroplasts – Photosynthesis—trapping light
propulsion 1. Chlamydias
energy and formation of carbohydrate from CO2 and
Characteristics Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Gas vacuole – Buoyancy for floating in aquatic - All members of this group are obligate
water
Definition Any cell that Any unicellular environments.
contains a clearly organism that Cilia and flagella – Cell movement intracellular parasites of animal cells. Cell walls
Inclusion bodies – Storage of carbon, phosphate, and
defined nucleus does not contain a Cytoplasmic matrix – Environment for other lack peptidoglycan.
other substances - Example: Chlamydia trachomatis
and membrane membrane bound organelles, location of many metabolic processes
Nucleoid – Localization of genetic material (DNA)
bound organelles nucleus or Endoplasmic reticulum – Transport of materials, 2. Spirochetes
organelles Periplasmic space – Contains hydrolytic enzymes - Most members of this species, which has spiral-
protein and lipid synthesis
and binding proteins for nutrient processing and shaped cells, are free-living anaerobes, but some
Examples Animal, plant, Bacteria and Golgi apparatus – Packaging and secretion of
fungi, and protist archaea uptake’ are pathogenic. Flagella run lengthwise in the
materials for various purposes, lysosome formation
cells Plasma membrane – Selectively permeable barrier, periplasmic space between the inner and outer
Lysosomes – Intracellular digestion
Nucleus Present Absent (Nucleoid mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste membrane.
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and
(membrane region) transport, location of many metabolic processes - Example: Treponema pallidum, Borrelia
bound) microtubules – Cell structure and movements, form
(respiration, photosynthesis), detection of burgdorferi
Cell size Large (10 – 100 Small (less than a the cytoskeleton
environmental cues for chemotaxis 3. Cyanobacteria
micrometers) micrometer o 5 Mitochondria – Energy production through use of
Ribosomes – Protein synthesis - Also known as blue-green algae, these bacteria
micrometers) the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport,
obtain their energy through photosynthesis.
DNA Replication Highly regulated Replicates entire oxidative phosphorylation, and other pathways
They are ubiquitous, found in terrestrial, marine,
with selective genome at once Nucleolus – Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome
PHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA and freshwater environments. Eukaryotic
origins and construction
chloroplasts are thought be derived from
sequences Nucleus – Repository for genetic information, - is one of up to 52 bacteria phyla. bacteria in this group.
Organism Type Usually Unicellular control centre for cell
multicellular - is further subdivided into five classes, Alpha through - Example: Prochlorococcus
Plasma membrane – Mechanical cell boundary, Epsilon: 4. Gram-Positive Bacteria
Chromosomes More than one One long single
selectively permeable barrier with transport systems, 1. Alpha Proteobacteria - Soil-dwelling members of this subgroup
loop of DNA and
plasmids mediates cell-cell interactions and adhesion to - Some species are photoautotrophic but some are decompose organic matter. Some species cause
Ribosomes Large Small surfaces, secretion symbionts of plants and animals and others are disease. They have a thick cell wall and lack and
Growth rate Slower Faster Ribosomes – Protein synthesis pathogens. Eukaryotic mitochondria are thought outer membrane.
Organelles Present Absent Vacuole – Temporary storage and transport, be derived from bacteria in this group. - Example: Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium
Ability to store All have this All have this digestion (food vacuoles), water balance (contractile - Example: Rhizobium, Rickettsia botulism, Clostridium difficile, Streptomyces,
hereditary ability ability vacuole) 2. Beta Proteobacteria Mycoplasmas
information - This group of bacteria is diverse. Some species
Cell wall Simple: Present Complex: Present DOMAIN PROKARYOTES OR PROCARYOTES
play an important role in the nitrogen cycle.
in plants and in all prokaryotes - Example: Nitrosomas, Spirillum minus EARLIEST PROKARYOTES
- It is coined from two Greek words pro, before, and
fungi 3. Gamma Proteobacteria
Plasma Present Present
karyon, nut or kernel. Most numerous organisms on Earth
- Used to describe unicellular (single-celled) organisms - Many are beneficial symbionts that populate the
membrane Include all bacteria
that lack true nucleus and membrane-bound cell human gut, but others are familiar human
Cytoplasm Present Present Earliest fossils date 2.5 billion years old
organelles. This means that the genetic material in pathogens. Some species from this subgroup
Apendages Complex Simple
prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. oxidize sulfur compounds. Archaea are separated into four phyla:
appendages Appendages
- Divided into two domains, bacteria and archaea. - Example: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia
DNA Linear DNA with Circular DNA
- Archaea tend to live in harsh environmental pestis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio 1. Euryachaeota
Histones
conditions (such as high temperatures, extremes pH cholera, Chromatium - This phylum includes methanogens, which
Cell division Mitosis Binary Fission
or salinity etc.) and often possess unusual modes of produce methane as a metabolic waste product,
Cytoskeleton Present Absent
metabolism.
, and halobacteria, which live in an extreme saline Chemosynthesis - is the biological conversion of one or more acetyl muramic acid, L-amino acids instead of D- Future Prospects:
environment. carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or amino acids that cross links and Beta (1->3)
- Example: Methanogens, Halobacteria methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation glycosidic linkage instead of Beta (1->4) S-layer could be used technologies such as drug
2. Crenarchaeota of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) glycosidic linkage. delivery systems & novel detection systems for toxic
- Members of the ubiquitous phylum play an or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in e.) Type 5: chemicals.
important role in the fixation of carbon. Many photosynthesis.
members of this group are sulfur- dependent What are S-Layers (Surface Layers) in bacterial cell envelope?
extremophiles. Some are thermophilic r Major Types of Archaebacteria Cell Wall
hyperthermophilic. A regularly structured crystalline layer present on the
- Example: Sulfolobus a.) Type 1: surface of many bacteria and archaebacteria.
3. Nanoarchaeota composed of protein or glycoprotein
- This group currently contains only one species. In this type, S layer is absent. Instead archeal cell In Gram + bacteria, S-layer is associated with
- Example: Nanoarchaeum equitans wall is single thick, homogenous layer resembling peptidoglycan surface. In Gram – it is associated with
4. Korarcheota Gram positive bacteria. These archeae often stain the outer membrane (LPS) layer.
- Members of this phylum, considered to be one gram positive. This type is present in In archaea, S-layer proteins are arranged in different
of the most primitive forms of life, have only Methanobacterium, Halococcus etc. ways in the cell envelope.
been found in the Obsidian Pool, a hot spring at The most common type of archaeal cell wall is an
Yellowstone National Park. S layer composed of either protein or Archaeal cell walls can be gram-positive or gram- SIZE
glycoprotein.
- No members of this species have been cultivated negative. prokaryotic (bacteria) cells are very small compared
Thickness: 20-40nm thick to eukaryotic cells
ARCHAEBACTERIA S-layer cell walls are present in some Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer prokaryotic cells are the most abundant form of life
Cells that lack peptidoglycan, tend to live in harsh Methanogens like Methanococcus, Halophiles and Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein or on earth
Extreme Thermophiles like Sulpholobus and
environments. Extremophiles: glycoprotein (S-layer) prokaryotic cells can survive in conditions that are
Pyrodictium etc.
too extreme for eukaryotic cells
1) Methanogens – produce methane as a result of respiration
Bacteria are Prokaryotic, unicellular that do not
2) Halophiles – live in areas of extreme salinity b.) Type 2:
contain chlorophyll.
3) Thermophiles – live in extremely hot environment
Size of bacteria may range from 0.2-1.5 micrometer
4) Others can survive in extreme pH
in diameter and 3-5 micrometer in length
Characteristics Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer (μm):
Peptidoglycan Present in cell Absent in cell
walls walls 1μm=10-3mm
Survival Cannot survive in Lives in extreme Additional layers of material are present outside Size: Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their
extreme environments the S-layer. In Methanosprillum, there is a protein age and external environment.
environments sheath external to the S-layer. Cocci: sphere, 1μm
Energy More standard Less standard c.) Type 3: Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in length
production energy production energy production The outer covering is the cell wall; a semi-rigid layer that
Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6
ancestor Evolved from a Evolved from a maintains cell shape and chemical equilibrium. Peptidoglycan
common ancestor common ancestor cell wall of eubacteria is absent. Cell walls are unique in μm in width
Kind of cell Prokaryotic Prokaryotic archae bacteria and considerable differences are found in
Nucleus Absent Absent different groups. Classification of Bacteria based on their Shape
Organism type Single celled Single celled 1. Cocci – any bacterium or archaeon that has a
Ribosomes Present Present In archae bacteria, S-layer is often seen just outside the spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape.
Membrane-bound Absent Absent In Methanosarcina, S-layer is covered by a plasma membrane. 2. Bacilli – rod-shaped bacteria.
organelles chondroitin like material called as 3. Vibrio – possessing a curved-rod shape (comma
mathanochondroitin. shape), several species of which can cause foodborne
ARCHAEABACTERIA d.) Type 4: Biological Functions: infection, usually associated with eating undercooked
unicellular organisms without nuclei Protecting cell against ion & pH fluctuations, osmotic seafood.
No organelles stress, degrading enzymes or predacious bacteria. 4. Spirilla – spiral bacteria (singular form is spirillus)
Have cell walls Helps in maintaining shape & envelope rigidity of the 5. Spirochetes – Spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which
Lacks peptidoglycan cell. are serious pathogens for human, causing disease
DNA is more similar to eukaryotes, denotes lineage. it promotes cell adhesion to surfaces such as syphilis, yaws, Lyme disease and relapsing
Live in extreme environments In some Archae like Methanothermus and it contributes to the virulence of bacteria fever.
- No oxygen Methanopyrus, S-layer is the outermost layer and Widely studied recently especially in connection with 6. Actinomycetes – are rod shaped or filamentous.
- hot springs, deep ocean is separated from the plasma membrane by a nanotechnology due to their ability to self-assemble Those that are rod shaped may form long, branching
Energy: Chemosynthesis Peptidoglycan like molecule called psuedomurien. protein units without the aid of enzymes. chains of cells. Many actinomycetes form true
Psuedomurien differ from Peptidoglycan in filaments that branch and form colonies that look like
having N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid instead of N-
their shape, visualized here using scanning electron - Some species generate a spore-forming fruiting
Universal Ancestor: - Their name comes from the greek eu, “true” and microscopy: (a) cocci, or spherical; (b) bacilli, or body in adverse conditions. Others reduce
Domain Eukarya karyon, “nut” or “kernel” rod-shaped; and (c) spirilli, or spiral-shaped. sulfate and sulfur.
Domain Archaea - A typical eukaryotic cell is surrounded by a plasma - Example: Myxobacteria, Desulfovibrio vulgaris,
o Euryachaeotes membrane and contains many different structures and Prokaryotic cell structures and functions 5. Epsilon Proteobacteria
o Crenachaeotes organelles with a variety of functions. The major - Many species inhabit the digestive tract of
Capsules and slime layers – Resistance to
o Nanoarchaeotes groups of microorganisms (fungi, protozoa and animals as symbionts or pathogens. Bacteria
algae), as well as parasitic worms and mites, and all phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces
o Korarchaeotes from this group have been found in deep-sea
Cell wall – Gives bacteria shape and protection from
Domain Bacteria plants and animals up to and including humans all hydrothermal vents and cold seep habitats.
belong to this group. lysis in dilute solutions
o Proteobacteria - Example: Campylobacter, Heliobacter pylori
o Chlamydias Endospore – Survival under harsh environmental
Eukaryotic cell structures and functions: conditions OTHER BACTERIAL PHYLA
o Spirochetes
o Cyanobacteria Fimbriae and pili – Attachment to surfaces, bacterial
Cell wall and pellicle – Strengthen and give shape to Note that bacterial shape is not phylum-dependent;
o Gram-Positive bacteria mating
the cell bacteria within a phylum may be cocci, rod-shaped, or spiral.
Flagella – Provides the power of motility or self-
Prokaryotic Cells vs. Eukaryotic Cells Chloroplasts – Photosynthesis—trapping light
propulsion 1. Chlamydias
energy and formation of carbohydrate from CO2 and
Characteristics Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells Gas vacuole – Buoyancy for floating in aquatic - All members of this group are obligate
water
Definition Any cell that Any unicellular environments.
contains a clearly organism that Cilia and flagella – Cell movement intracellular parasites of animal cells. Cell walls
Inclusion bodies – Storage of carbon, phosphate, and
defined nucleus does not contain a Cytoplasmic matrix – Environment for other lack peptidoglycan.
other substances - Example: Chlamydia trachomatis
and membrane membrane bound organelles, location of many metabolic processes
Nucleoid – Localization of genetic material (DNA)
bound organelles nucleus or Endoplasmic reticulum – Transport of materials, 2. Spirochetes
organelles Periplasmic space – Contains hydrolytic enzymes - Most members of this species, which has spiral-
protein and lipid synthesis
and binding proteins for nutrient processing and shaped cells, are free-living anaerobes, but some
Examples Animal, plant, Bacteria and Golgi apparatus – Packaging and secretion of
fungi, and protist archaea uptake’ are pathogenic. Flagella run lengthwise in the
materials for various purposes, lysosome formation
cells Plasma membrane – Selectively permeable barrier, periplasmic space between the inner and outer
Lysosomes – Intracellular digestion
Nucleus Present Absent (Nucleoid mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste membrane.
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and
(membrane region) transport, location of many metabolic processes - Example: Treponema pallidum, Borrelia
bound) microtubules – Cell structure and movements, form
(respiration, photosynthesis), detection of burgdorferi
Cell size Large (10 – 100 Small (less than a the cytoskeleton
environmental cues for chemotaxis 3. Cyanobacteria
micrometers) micrometer o 5 Mitochondria – Energy production through use of
Ribosomes – Protein synthesis - Also known as blue-green algae, these bacteria
micrometers) the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport,
obtain their energy through photosynthesis.
DNA Replication Highly regulated Replicates entire oxidative phosphorylation, and other pathways
They are ubiquitous, found in terrestrial, marine,
with selective genome at once Nucleolus – Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome
PHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA and freshwater environments. Eukaryotic
origins and construction
chloroplasts are thought be derived from
sequences Nucleus – Repository for genetic information, - is one of up to 52 bacteria phyla. bacteria in this group.
Organism Type Usually Unicellular control centre for cell
multicellular - is further subdivided into five classes, Alpha through - Example: Prochlorococcus
Plasma membrane – Mechanical cell boundary, Epsilon: 4. Gram-Positive Bacteria
Chromosomes More than one One long single
selectively permeable barrier with transport systems, 1. Alpha Proteobacteria - Soil-dwelling members of this subgroup
loop of DNA and
plasmids mediates cell-cell interactions and adhesion to - Some species are photoautotrophic but some are decompose organic matter. Some species cause
Ribosomes Large Small surfaces, secretion symbionts of plants and animals and others are disease. They have a thick cell wall and lack and
Growth rate Slower Faster Ribosomes – Protein synthesis pathogens. Eukaryotic mitochondria are thought outer membrane.
Organelles Present Absent Vacuole – Temporary storage and transport, be derived from bacteria in this group. - Example: Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium
Ability to store All have this All have this digestion (food vacuoles), water balance (contractile - Example: Rhizobium, Rickettsia botulism, Clostridium difficile, Streptomyces,
hereditary ability ability vacuole) 2. Beta Proteobacteria Mycoplasmas
information - This group of bacteria is diverse. Some species
Cell wall Simple: Present Complex: Present DOMAIN PROKARYOTES OR PROCARYOTES
play an important role in the nitrogen cycle.
in plants and in all prokaryotes - Example: Nitrosomas, Spirillum minus EARLIEST PROKARYOTES
- It is coined from two Greek words pro, before, and
fungi 3. Gamma Proteobacteria
Plasma Present Present
karyon, nut or kernel. Most numerous organisms on Earth
- Used to describe unicellular (single-celled) organisms - Many are beneficial symbionts that populate the
membrane Include all bacteria
that lack true nucleus and membrane-bound cell human gut, but others are familiar human
Cytoplasm Present Present Earliest fossils date 2.5 billion years old
organelles. This means that the genetic material in pathogens. Some species from this subgroup
Apendages Complex Simple
prokaryotes is not bound within a nucleus. oxidize sulfur compounds. Archaea are separated into four phyla:
appendages Appendages
- Divided into two domains, bacteria and archaea. - Example: Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia
DNA Linear DNA with Circular DNA
- Archaea tend to live in harsh environmental pestis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio 1. Euryachaeota
Histones
conditions (such as high temperatures, extremes pH cholera, Chromatium - This phylum includes methanogens, which
Cell division Mitosis Binary Fission
or salinity etc.) and often possess unusual modes of produce methane as a metabolic waste product,
Cytoskeleton Present Absent
metabolism.
, and halobacteria, which live in an extreme saline Chemosynthesis - is the biological conversion of one or more acetyl muramic acid, L-amino acids instead of D- Future Prospects:
environment. carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or amino acids that cross links and Beta (1->3)
- Example: Methanogens, Halobacteria methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation glycosidic linkage instead of Beta (1->4) S-layer could be used technologies such as drug
2. Crenarchaeota of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) glycosidic linkage. delivery systems & novel detection systems for toxic
- Members of the ubiquitous phylum play an or ferrous ions as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in e.) Type 5: chemicals.
important role in the fixation of carbon. Many photosynthesis.
members of this group are sulfur- dependent What are S-Layers (Surface Layers) in bacterial cell envelope?
extremophiles. Some are thermophilic r Major Types of Archaebacteria Cell Wall
hyperthermophilic. A regularly structured crystalline layer present on the
- Example: Sulfolobus a.) Type 1: surface of many bacteria and archaebacteria.
3. Nanoarchaeota composed of protein or glycoprotein
- This group currently contains only one species. In this type, S layer is absent. Instead archeal cell In Gram + bacteria, S-layer is associated with
- Example: Nanoarchaeum equitans wall is single thick, homogenous layer resembling peptidoglycan surface. In Gram – it is associated with
4. Korarcheota Gram positive bacteria. These archeae often stain the outer membrane (LPS) layer.
- Members of this phylum, considered to be one gram positive. This type is present in In archaea, S-layer proteins are arranged in different
of the most primitive forms of life, have only Methanobacterium, Halococcus etc. ways in the cell envelope.
been found in the Obsidian Pool, a hot spring at The most common type of archaeal cell wall is an
Yellowstone National Park. S layer composed of either protein or Archaeal cell walls can be gram-positive or gram- SIZE
glycoprotein.
- No members of this species have been cultivated negative. prokaryotic (bacteria) cells are very small compared
Thickness: 20-40nm thick to eukaryotic cells
ARCHAEBACTERIA S-layer cell walls are present in some Gram-positives often have a thick surface layer prokaryotic cells are the most abundant form of life
Cells that lack peptidoglycan, tend to live in harsh Methanogens like Methanococcus, Halophiles and Gram-negatives often have a thin layer of protein or on earth
Extreme Thermophiles like Sulpholobus and
environments. Extremophiles: glycoprotein (S-layer) prokaryotic cells can survive in conditions that are
Pyrodictium etc.
too extreme for eukaryotic cells
1) Methanogens – produce methane as a result of respiration
Bacteria are Prokaryotic, unicellular that do not
2) Halophiles – live in areas of extreme salinity b.) Type 2:
contain chlorophyll.
3) Thermophiles – live in extremely hot environment
Size of bacteria may range from 0.2-1.5 micrometer
4) Others can survive in extreme pH
in diameter and 3-5 micrometer in length
Characteristics Eubacteria Archaebacteria
Unit for measurement : Micron or micrometer (μm):
Peptidoglycan Present in cell Absent in cell
walls walls 1μm=10-3mm
Survival Cannot survive in Lives in extreme Additional layers of material are present outside Size: Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also related to their
extreme environments the S-layer. In Methanosprillum, there is a protein age and external environment.
environments sheath external to the S-layer. Cocci: sphere, 1μm
Energy More standard Less standard c.) Type 3: Bacilli: rods , 0.5-1 μm in width -3 μm in length
production energy production energy production The outer covering is the cell wall; a semi-rigid layer that
Spiral bacteria: 1~3 μm in length and 0.3-0.6
ancestor Evolved from a Evolved from a maintains cell shape and chemical equilibrium. Peptidoglycan
common ancestor common ancestor cell wall of eubacteria is absent. Cell walls are unique in μm in width
Kind of cell Prokaryotic Prokaryotic archae bacteria and considerable differences are found in
Nucleus Absent Absent different groups. Classification of Bacteria based on their Shape
Organism type Single celled Single celled 1. Cocci – any bacterium or archaeon that has a
Ribosomes Present Present In archae bacteria, S-layer is often seen just outside the spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape.
Membrane-bound Absent Absent In Methanosarcina, S-layer is covered by a plasma membrane. 2. Bacilli – rod-shaped bacteria.
organelles chondroitin like material called as 3. Vibrio – possessing a curved-rod shape (comma
mathanochondroitin. shape), several species of which can cause foodborne
ARCHAEABACTERIA d.) Type 4: Biological Functions: infection, usually associated with eating undercooked
unicellular organisms without nuclei Protecting cell against ion & pH fluctuations, osmotic seafood.
No organelles stress, degrading enzymes or predacious bacteria. 4. Spirilla – spiral bacteria (singular form is spirillus)
Have cell walls Helps in maintaining shape & envelope rigidity of the 5. Spirochetes – Spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which
Lacks peptidoglycan cell. are serious pathogens for human, causing disease
DNA is more similar to eukaryotes, denotes lineage. it promotes cell adhesion to surfaces such as syphilis, yaws, Lyme disease and relapsing
Live in extreme environments In some Archae like Methanothermus and it contributes to the virulence of bacteria fever.
- No oxygen Methanopyrus, S-layer is the outermost layer and Widely studied recently especially in connection with 6. Actinomycetes – are rod shaped or filamentous.
- hot springs, deep ocean is separated from the plasma membrane by a nanotechnology due to their ability to self-assemble Those that are rod shaped may form long, branching
Energy: Chemosynthesis Peptidoglycan like molecule called psuedomurien. protein units without the aid of enzymes. chains of cells. Many actinomycetes form true
Psuedomurien differ from Peptidoglycan in filaments that branch and form colonies that look like
having N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid instead of N-
