PDHPE HSC CORE 1 EXAM WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTION
Trends for the survival rates for Cancer:
Both males and females are increasing
What contributes to the poor health of Indigenous people?
Social factors: e.g. dispossession, dislocation and discrimination.
Disadvantages: e.g. education, housing, income, employment.
Physical environmental factors.
What is cardiovascular disease?
All the diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels.
Risk factors of Cardiovascular disease
Non-modifiable: Age, Heredity, Gender
Modifiable: Smoking, High BP, high blood fats, overweight and obesity, lack of physical
exercise.
Protective Factors for Cardiovascular disease
Maintain healthy BP and Blood Cholesterol, Healthy lifestyle choices (not smoking,
food, physically activity, weight).
Trends/ Statistic of Cancer
- Second most common cause of death
- Increase in cancer incidence
What are the groups at risk of cancer?
Smokers, socio-economically disadvantaged, high-fat, low-fibre diet, family history, fair
skin, sun exposure, women who have never given birth.
What is causing the ageing population to grow?
- Better technology
- Living longer
What is community care?
A program to assist the elderly to manage daily activities within their home.
What is the private sector?
private hospitals, specialist doctors, private GPs, physiotherapy, dentistry, pharmacy,
chiropractic, radiology and many other services.
What is Medicare?
Allows simple and equitable access to all Australian citizens. Is designed to protect
people from costs of sickness. Provides free or subsidised medical care, free public
hospital treatments. Based on Universality, equity and simplicity.
5 Action areas of the Ottawa Charter
1. Developing personal skills
2. Creating Supportive Environments
3. Strengthening community action
4. Reorienting health services
5. Building healthy public policy
Health status
Pattern of the general health of a population over time
Prevalence
, The number of existing cases of diseases occurring in a population.
Incidence
The number of new cases of disease occurring in a population.
Observations/statistics gathered via epidemiology help:
Describe/compare the patterns of the health of groups, communities & populations
Identify health needs/allocate health-care resources
Evaluate health behaviours/strategies to control/prevent disease
Epidemiology uses statistics on:
Births, deaths, disease prevalance & incidence, hospital use
Mortality
Refers to the no. of deaths in a given pop. from a particular cause and/over a period of
time
Morbidity
The incidence/level of illness, disease or injury in a given pop
Life expectancy
The length of time a person can expect to live referring to the average no. of years of
life based on current death rates
Infant mortality
Refers to the no. of infant deaths in the first year of life per. 1000 live births
Improvements in life expectancy can be attributed to:
Lower infant mortality, education of risk factors e.g. P.E classes, declining death rates
from CVD e.g. physical activity promotion, declining overall death rates from cancer e.g.
breast screening, falls in death rates from traffic accidents e.g. drink driving campaigns
Current trends in life expectancy
Major factor increasing life expectancy= reduction in infant mortality rate
Main causes of mortality in males (2014):
1. Coronary heart disease, 2. lung cancer, 3. Cerebrovascular disease (includes stroke)
Main causes of mortality in females (2014):
1. Coronary heart disease, 2. cerebrovascular disease (includes stroke), 3. dementia/
alzheimer disease
Trends in mortality
Death rates (Aus) have fallen due to treatment/managment of infectious disease +
improvements in sanitation/living conditions, understanding of infectious disease,
development/use of antibiotics + vaccines
Trends in CVD:
Decrease in death rate due to advances in treatment e.g. early detection
Trends in cancer:
Most common: lung cancer in males, breast cancer in females, increased incidence
over 20 yrs, mortality rates fallen for both M/F, prevention/treatment strategies e.g. pap
smears, breast screening, prostate examinations
Priority population groups
Subgroups of people who have signficantly different health statuses e.g. Indigenous
communities, low-socioeconomic status, rural areas
Prevalence of condition
SOLUTION
Trends for the survival rates for Cancer:
Both males and females are increasing
What contributes to the poor health of Indigenous people?
Social factors: e.g. dispossession, dislocation and discrimination.
Disadvantages: e.g. education, housing, income, employment.
Physical environmental factors.
What is cardiovascular disease?
All the diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels.
Risk factors of Cardiovascular disease
Non-modifiable: Age, Heredity, Gender
Modifiable: Smoking, High BP, high blood fats, overweight and obesity, lack of physical
exercise.
Protective Factors for Cardiovascular disease
Maintain healthy BP and Blood Cholesterol, Healthy lifestyle choices (not smoking,
food, physically activity, weight).
Trends/ Statistic of Cancer
- Second most common cause of death
- Increase in cancer incidence
What are the groups at risk of cancer?
Smokers, socio-economically disadvantaged, high-fat, low-fibre diet, family history, fair
skin, sun exposure, women who have never given birth.
What is causing the ageing population to grow?
- Better technology
- Living longer
What is community care?
A program to assist the elderly to manage daily activities within their home.
What is the private sector?
private hospitals, specialist doctors, private GPs, physiotherapy, dentistry, pharmacy,
chiropractic, radiology and many other services.
What is Medicare?
Allows simple and equitable access to all Australian citizens. Is designed to protect
people from costs of sickness. Provides free or subsidised medical care, free public
hospital treatments. Based on Universality, equity and simplicity.
5 Action areas of the Ottawa Charter
1. Developing personal skills
2. Creating Supportive Environments
3. Strengthening community action
4. Reorienting health services
5. Building healthy public policy
Health status
Pattern of the general health of a population over time
Prevalence
, The number of existing cases of diseases occurring in a population.
Incidence
The number of new cases of disease occurring in a population.
Observations/statistics gathered via epidemiology help:
Describe/compare the patterns of the health of groups, communities & populations
Identify health needs/allocate health-care resources
Evaluate health behaviours/strategies to control/prevent disease
Epidemiology uses statistics on:
Births, deaths, disease prevalance & incidence, hospital use
Mortality
Refers to the no. of deaths in a given pop. from a particular cause and/over a period of
time
Morbidity
The incidence/level of illness, disease or injury in a given pop
Life expectancy
The length of time a person can expect to live referring to the average no. of years of
life based on current death rates
Infant mortality
Refers to the no. of infant deaths in the first year of life per. 1000 live births
Improvements in life expectancy can be attributed to:
Lower infant mortality, education of risk factors e.g. P.E classes, declining death rates
from CVD e.g. physical activity promotion, declining overall death rates from cancer e.g.
breast screening, falls in death rates from traffic accidents e.g. drink driving campaigns
Current trends in life expectancy
Major factor increasing life expectancy= reduction in infant mortality rate
Main causes of mortality in males (2014):
1. Coronary heart disease, 2. lung cancer, 3. Cerebrovascular disease (includes stroke)
Main causes of mortality in females (2014):
1. Coronary heart disease, 2. cerebrovascular disease (includes stroke), 3. dementia/
alzheimer disease
Trends in mortality
Death rates (Aus) have fallen due to treatment/managment of infectious disease +
improvements in sanitation/living conditions, understanding of infectious disease,
development/use of antibiotics + vaccines
Trends in CVD:
Decrease in death rate due to advances in treatment e.g. early detection
Trends in cancer:
Most common: lung cancer in males, breast cancer in females, increased incidence
over 20 yrs, mortality rates fallen for both M/F, prevention/treatment strategies e.g. pap
smears, breast screening, prostate examinations
Priority population groups
Subgroups of people who have signficantly different health statuses e.g. Indigenous
communities, low-socioeconomic status, rural areas
Prevalence of condition
