NP235 Unit 6 Endocrine System 2023 with complete solutions questions and answers

What is a hypophysectomy? ●or surgical removal of the pituitary gland, is most commonly performed microsurgically via the nose or at the junction of the gums and upper lip. Usual Symptoms with Type 1 Diabetes Extreme thirst (polydipsia) Frequent urination (polyuria) Extreme hunger (polyphagia) Rapid loss of weight Irritability Weakness and fatigue Nausea and vomiting Classic symptoms of ketoacidosis In an attempt to rid itself of acidosis produced by ketones, the body increases respiratory rate and depth (Kussmaul respirations). Acetone, a ketone body, is excreted in the urine, causing acetonuria or ketonuria, and from the lungs, which can be detected in the characteristic fruity odor to the breath. As the kidney excretes excess glucose and ketones, it also eliminates large quantities of water and electrolytes. When reinforcing insulin teaching with a client, what would be an example of long acting insulin? Examples of long acting insulins include Extended insulin zinc insulin (Ultralente) Insulin glargine (Lantus) Insulin detemir (Levemir) Insulin degludec (Tresiba) What is the main cause of hyperosmolar state (HHS) in people with DM2? high blood glucose levels because of illness or added stress, such as infection. Glucose levels greater than 600 mg/dL are common; in some cases, the blood glucose can reach well over 1000 mg/dL. The extremely high level of glucose in the blood causes severe dehydration and circulating fluid volume depletion secondary to osmotic diuresis. HHS is different from DKA because a small amount of circulating insulin remains available, resulting in the absence of ketosis and acidosis What are the symptoms of Cushings? They include painful fatty swellings in the intrascapular space (buffalo hump) and facial area (moon face), an enlarged abdomen with thin extremities, bruising after even minor traumas, impotence, amenorrhea, hypertension, and weakness from abnormal protein catabolism with loss of muscle mass. are manifestations of excess levels of the hormones from the adrenal cortex. The condition can be caused by: ●Excessive secretion of ACTH by the pituitary, which may result from the faulty release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus or a pituitary adenoma. ●A secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. ●Ectopic production of ACTH by tumors outside the pituitary, such as lung cancer. ●Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome from prolonged use of steroid therapy (the most common cause). What issue can bring on Addisonian crisis for a patient with addison disease? Stress—even relatively mild physical or emotional stress—can quickly bring on an Addisonian crisis for a patient with Addison disease. The patient must avoid undue physical stress whenever possible and must learn effective coping mechanisms to deal with emotional stress What is an adverse result of someone who has had a thyoidectomy In many hospitals, a tracheostomy set is kept at the bedside of postoperative thyroidectomy patients in case severe respiratory complications develop. Other symptoms to be reported are persistent hoarseness or loss of the voice, which may indicate damage to the vocal cords. Tetany (muscular twitching and spasms) and thyroid crisis are other possible complications. These are rare, but be alert for the beginning signs and immediately report observations. Thyroid hormones regulate many aspects of which type of metabolism? carbohydrate metabolism and affect tissue response to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Why would a patient who is receiving oral iodine solution drink it through a straw? because they can stain the teeth. Adverse effects of iodine preparations can include gastrointestinal upset, metallic taste, skin rashes, allergic reactions, and epigastric pain. Patients receiving thyroid supplements should be monitored for signs and symptoms such as tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, headaches, and fatigue indicating overtreatment. A diabetics vision is deteriorating. What is the most likely cause of this visual inpairment? retinopathy. Microvascular complications result from damage to the small vessels at the capillary level. damage to the large and small blood vessels, termed macrovascular and microvascular. Elevated blood glucose levels over a period of years seriously damage blood vessels and the organs they serve. What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia in a patient with severe hypoparathyroidism experiencing tetany? mild tingling, numbness, muscle cramps, and mental changes, such as irritability. Chvostek sign manifests as muscle irritability when the facial nerve is gently tapped. Trousseau sign manifests as a carpal spasm, elicited by inflating a blood pressure cuff 20 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure. muscular twitching and spasms occur because of extreme irritability of neuromuscular tissue. If calcium levels continue to fall, the patient will suffer from convulsions, cardiac dysrhythmias, and spasms of the larynx. In your own words, what does the endocrine system do? It regulates metabolism, growth and development, sexual function, and reproductive processes. A primary function is to synthesize and release hormones directly into the bloodstream and the body fluids. A deficiency of parathyroid hormones produces muscle cramps, twitching of the muscles, spasms of the larynx, and, in some cases, severe convulsions and cardiac dysrhythmias because of? hypocalcemia What are some of the test used to diagnose diabetes? Presence of sx and ●Random blood glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL OR ●Fasting glucose level greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL OR ●Glucose tolerance test revealing postprandial glucose greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl 2 hours after 75 g of glucose administered ●Glucose tolerance test ●Hemoglobin A1C test ●Fructosamine assay The patient with a goiter would most likely present with a) an enlarged neck. b) tenderness in the flank area. c) increased blood glucose levels. d) excessive urine output. A. an enlarged Neck. 1) A primary concern that may result from coughing following a hypophysectomy is a(n) a) sore throat. b) cerebrospinal leak. c) decreased blood pressure. d) increased pulse rate. B. Cerebospinal leak. The nurse would expect a patient with Graves' disease to have which sign or symptom? a) Weight gain b) Bradycardia c) Decreased urine output d) Exophthalmos D. Exophthalmos. Cushing syndrome is often attributed to a) thyroid tumors. b) adrenal tumors. c) prolonged use of steroid therapy. d) prolonged alcohol consumption. C. Prolonged Use of steroid therapy Typical signs and symptoms of Cushing syndrome include a) hypoglycemia. b) buffalo hump. c) weight loss. d)hypotension. B. buffalo Hump