NURS 229 EXAM GUIDE REVIEW TEST 2022
Cell and Tissue Function (Chapter 1)
Patho= disease
Physiology= the study of the disease process
Top 10 Causes of Death:
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Stroke
- COPD
- Accidents (particularly Car Accidents. Falls with elderly pts)
- Diabetes
- Alzheimer’s (takes 10-15 years to progress)
- Influenza/PNA
- Kidney Disease
- Septicemia (infection of the blood)
Why we study disease/ nurse’s role:
• Prevention of disease
• Early detection
• Minimizing impact of illness
• Promoting healing, prevent co- morbidities
• Maximize quality and duration of life
Pathogenesis/Etiology:
Pathogenesis: how the disease process evolves
- Ex: atherosclerosis- fatty streak evolves into occlusion
Etiology: what sets the disease process in motion
- Ex: Bacteria, virus, poison, alcohol
Idiopathic: unknown cause
Risk Factors: Multiple factors that cause a disease
,NURS 229 EXAM GUIDE REVIEW TEST 2022
Congenital: Defects present since birth (ex: Cleft Lip)
Acquired defects: defects caused by events after birth
Common risk factors:
• Age (some diseases can occur due to both age levels. Young and Old)
• Alcohol/ drug abuse
• Ethnicity (African American have a high potential of hypertension)
• Inadequate exercise (Lack of exercise osteoporosis)
• Gender
• Genetics
• Smoking AND Vaping ( stoke, hypertension, COPD)
• Stress
• Poverty (lack of access to health care)
• Sexual practices
Disease/illness:
Disease: abnormal functioning
Illness: subjective experience/ not feeling well “normal”, “well”
Stages of disease
Sub-clinical-pre-clinical stage: disease present. Patient is unaware (ex: the patient had the
disease process but no signs) (ex: cancer)
Prodromal stage: vague, non-specific (ex: Flu there could be something going on, but you are not
sure why or what it is, then eventually you get a fever.) (A WARNING)
Clinical stage: Disease is evident, diagnosis is clear
Clinical manifestations (signs/symptoms)
Signs: objective, observed, measurable findings. “Pain” is not a sign. It is subjective!!! (ex: Blood
pressure) 120/78
Symptoms: Subjective, what the patients is “feeling”, what the patient says.
Syndrome: Compilation of signs and symptoms
Complications: possible adverse effects of disease or treatments (Will be corrected)
Sequela: lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease (will usually last long
term) Ex: when someone has a stroke and has a left-sided weakness for the rest of their
lives
Iatrogenic: The causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical
activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, or negligence. Ex: the radiation from x-rays
Diagnosis/syndrome: the designation to the nature and cause of a health problem
Specificity (-): proportion of people who do not have the disease, negative on a given test
Sensitivity (+): portion of people who do have the disease, test positive
,NURS 229 EXAM GUIDE REVIEW TEST 2022
Clinical course of the disease:
Acute disorder: relatively severe, self-limiting
Ex: flu
Chronic disease: continuous course, long-term process, exacerbations (aggressive of symptoms
and severity of disease) and remissions (period of decreased severity and symptoms)
Ex: COPD
Subacute: between acute and chronic, not severe as acute or prolonged as chronic
Carrier: someone who has an organism, not infected, but can infect others
Ex: MONO (the person might not know they have MONO but they can pass it to others)
Ex: COVID-19 (these people who show no symptoms can pass the disease to others)
Epidemiology: tells us what the disease is doing in the population
- Originally to explain the spread of infectious disease
- Study of risk factors for multifactorial disease
Epidemiology: This is what the CDC uses
Incidence: reflects the number of NEW CASES arising in a population at risk during a period of
time. (divide # new cases by # people at risk)
Prevalence: Is a measure of EXISTING disease in a population at any given point in time.
(#existing case/ current population)
Morbidity: effects the disease has on a persons life
Ex: Arthritis- does not cause death but effects quality of life
Mortality: # of deaths in a population in a given time, or death producing characteristics of a
disease.
Natural History: progression and projected outcome of a disease without medical intervention
Prognosis: refers to the probable outcome and prospect of recovery of a disease
- Full recovery
- Complications
- Survival time
- Treatment options
Ex: A Cold
Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance (Chapter 5)
, NURS 229 EXAM GUIDE REVIEW TEST 2022
Genetics: the study of genes
Gene: a locatable segment or segments of DNA sequence that encodes a set of functional
products (proteins)
DNA:
- Is located in the nucleus of the cell.
- It stores the genetic information
- 23 pairs of chromosomes
- Histones and other protein ensure normal chromosome behavior and appropriate
gene expression
Gene mutations
- Accidental errors in duplication
- Rearrangement of genetic code (located)
- Deletion of parts of genetic code
Gene expression: the degree to which a gene or group of genes is active
Induction: a process where the gene expression is increased (we increase what the gene looks
like) Ex: one sibling has brown hair and the other sibling has very light brown hair. This is an
INCREASE or INDUCTION of the gene.
Gene repression: a regulatory gene reduces or prevent expressions (a regulatory gene can
repress a cancer gene)
Chromosomes:
- Genetic info is stored and received in these bundles of DNA
- Arranged in pairs (1 maternal, 1 Paternal)
- 23 pairs
- 22 are autosomes—have the same appearance in all individuals
- 1 pair (23rd)- sex chromosomes, determine if male (X,Y) or female (X,X)
- DAD is what determines the sex
Patterns of Inheritance
Genotype: genetic info of a person stored in the base of the triplet code (actual genetic code)
Phenotype: is what people see, or the recognizable traits (physical or biochemical)
Expressivity: the manner in which the gene is expressed in the phenotype (mild to severe)
Cell and Tissue Function (Chapter 1)
Patho= disease
Physiology= the study of the disease process
Top 10 Causes of Death:
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Stroke
- COPD
- Accidents (particularly Car Accidents. Falls with elderly pts)
- Diabetes
- Alzheimer’s (takes 10-15 years to progress)
- Influenza/PNA
- Kidney Disease
- Septicemia (infection of the blood)
Why we study disease/ nurse’s role:
• Prevention of disease
• Early detection
• Minimizing impact of illness
• Promoting healing, prevent co- morbidities
• Maximize quality and duration of life
Pathogenesis/Etiology:
Pathogenesis: how the disease process evolves
- Ex: atherosclerosis- fatty streak evolves into occlusion
Etiology: what sets the disease process in motion
- Ex: Bacteria, virus, poison, alcohol
Idiopathic: unknown cause
Risk Factors: Multiple factors that cause a disease
,NURS 229 EXAM GUIDE REVIEW TEST 2022
Congenital: Defects present since birth (ex: Cleft Lip)
Acquired defects: defects caused by events after birth
Common risk factors:
• Age (some diseases can occur due to both age levels. Young and Old)
• Alcohol/ drug abuse
• Ethnicity (African American have a high potential of hypertension)
• Inadequate exercise (Lack of exercise osteoporosis)
• Gender
• Genetics
• Smoking AND Vaping ( stoke, hypertension, COPD)
• Stress
• Poverty (lack of access to health care)
• Sexual practices
Disease/illness:
Disease: abnormal functioning
Illness: subjective experience/ not feeling well “normal”, “well”
Stages of disease
Sub-clinical-pre-clinical stage: disease present. Patient is unaware (ex: the patient had the
disease process but no signs) (ex: cancer)
Prodromal stage: vague, non-specific (ex: Flu there could be something going on, but you are not
sure why or what it is, then eventually you get a fever.) (A WARNING)
Clinical stage: Disease is evident, diagnosis is clear
Clinical manifestations (signs/symptoms)
Signs: objective, observed, measurable findings. “Pain” is not a sign. It is subjective!!! (ex: Blood
pressure) 120/78
Symptoms: Subjective, what the patients is “feeling”, what the patient says.
Syndrome: Compilation of signs and symptoms
Complications: possible adverse effects of disease or treatments (Will be corrected)
Sequela: lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease (will usually last long
term) Ex: when someone has a stroke and has a left-sided weakness for the rest of their
lives
Iatrogenic: The causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical
activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, or negligence. Ex: the radiation from x-rays
Diagnosis/syndrome: the designation to the nature and cause of a health problem
Specificity (-): proportion of people who do not have the disease, negative on a given test
Sensitivity (+): portion of people who do have the disease, test positive
,NURS 229 EXAM GUIDE REVIEW TEST 2022
Clinical course of the disease:
Acute disorder: relatively severe, self-limiting
Ex: flu
Chronic disease: continuous course, long-term process, exacerbations (aggressive of symptoms
and severity of disease) and remissions (period of decreased severity and symptoms)
Ex: COPD
Subacute: between acute and chronic, not severe as acute or prolonged as chronic
Carrier: someone who has an organism, not infected, but can infect others
Ex: MONO (the person might not know they have MONO but they can pass it to others)
Ex: COVID-19 (these people who show no symptoms can pass the disease to others)
Epidemiology: tells us what the disease is doing in the population
- Originally to explain the spread of infectious disease
- Study of risk factors for multifactorial disease
Epidemiology: This is what the CDC uses
Incidence: reflects the number of NEW CASES arising in a population at risk during a period of
time. (divide # new cases by # people at risk)
Prevalence: Is a measure of EXISTING disease in a population at any given point in time.
(#existing case/ current population)
Morbidity: effects the disease has on a persons life
Ex: Arthritis- does not cause death but effects quality of life
Mortality: # of deaths in a population in a given time, or death producing characteristics of a
disease.
Natural History: progression and projected outcome of a disease without medical intervention
Prognosis: refers to the probable outcome and prospect of recovery of a disease
- Full recovery
- Complications
- Survival time
- Treatment options
Ex: A Cold
Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance (Chapter 5)
, NURS 229 EXAM GUIDE REVIEW TEST 2022
Genetics: the study of genes
Gene: a locatable segment or segments of DNA sequence that encodes a set of functional
products (proteins)
DNA:
- Is located in the nucleus of the cell.
- It stores the genetic information
- 23 pairs of chromosomes
- Histones and other protein ensure normal chromosome behavior and appropriate
gene expression
Gene mutations
- Accidental errors in duplication
- Rearrangement of genetic code (located)
- Deletion of parts of genetic code
Gene expression: the degree to which a gene or group of genes is active
Induction: a process where the gene expression is increased (we increase what the gene looks
like) Ex: one sibling has brown hair and the other sibling has very light brown hair. This is an
INCREASE or INDUCTION of the gene.
Gene repression: a regulatory gene reduces or prevent expressions (a regulatory gene can
repress a cancer gene)
Chromosomes:
- Genetic info is stored and received in these bundles of DNA
- Arranged in pairs (1 maternal, 1 Paternal)
- 23 pairs
- 22 are autosomes—have the same appearance in all individuals
- 1 pair (23rd)- sex chromosomes, determine if male (X,Y) or female (X,X)
- DAD is what determines the sex
Patterns of Inheritance
Genotype: genetic info of a person stored in the base of the triplet code (actual genetic code)
Phenotype: is what people see, or the recognizable traits (physical or biochemical)
Expressivity: the manner in which the gene is expressed in the phenotype (mild to severe)
