Herbs 2023 with verified questions and answers

Herb An herb is a non-woody, annual/perennial as long as stems form no appreciable wood. The leafy part is used in cooking. These are usually found in temperate zones (Europe and the Mediterranean) Spice A spice is the non-leafy part of the plant used in cooking. It can be the bark, fruit, seeds, or roots. These are usually found in the tropics. Difference Between Herbs and Spices herbs are grown in temperate climates and the leafy parts are used, while spices are grown in tropical climates and other parts are used such as rhizome, fruit, flowers etc. Medicinal Plant A medicinal plant is a plant used for physiological, therapeutic, or psychoactive effects. 5 Spices in Early Trade Black pepper (fruit) Cinnamon (inner bark/quills) Clove (dried, unopened flower buds) Ginger - rhizome (underground stem) Nutmeg (seed) and Mace ("aril"covering seed) How Different Peppers are made: Black Black - green peppercorns that have been cooked in hot water and dried in the sun How Different Peppers are made: Green these fruits are picked and preserved before full ripeness occurs How Different Peppers are made: White These are peppercorns whose outer coats are removed, so it is just the seed of the fruit Old Vine World Spice black pepper or piper nigrum New Vine World Spice vanilla or vanilla planifolia Two anti-cancer drugs, plants that produce them, region these plants are native to, which of the two shares area with endangered spotted owl, and how they interfere with cell division (cancer) Taxol - produced by Pacific Yew - Pacific Northwest shares habitat with endangered Spotted Owl prevents microtubule disassembly Vincristine - produced by Madagascar Periwinkle - Madagascar prevents microtubule assembly Opium Poppies latex contain 25 types of alkaloids found in its immature fruit capsule analgesics = pain relieving drugs = morphine, codeine, and heroin Cocoa alkaloid that is the source for cocaine stimulant and anesthetic properties Willows salicin in bark source of aspirin (semisynthetic) Foxglove digoxin and digitoxin (which are cardiac glycosides) in the leaves slows down and strengthens heartbeat Indian Snakeroot reserpine in roots lowers blood pressure by blocking neurotransmitters Three Tropane Alkaloids and the three plants that contain them: a) Atropine (belladonna) b) Hyoscyamine (henbane and mandrake) c) Scopolamine (henbane, Jimson weed, and angels trumpets) What makes attribute of Tropane Alkaloids makes them easily soluble through the skin? and what plant family are they found in? Tropane alkaloids are fat soluble, so easily absorbed through the skin. Tropane alkaloids occur naturally in many members of the plant family Solanaceae (potato) What physical and chemical characteristics of the Mandrake plant contributed to it rich mythology? Mandrake plant looks humanoid so contributed to its mythology Spice islands the Maluku islands, archipelago that is part of Indonesia. Ebers papyrus Scroll with 700 different herbal and mineral medicines Aril fleshy, lacy covering of the seed. Panacea remedy that would cure all diseases (garlic). Goddess of healing in Greek mythology was this name Narcotic Makes drowsy Analgesic Pain Killer William Withering English botanist, discovered digitalis (in foxgloves). Zoopharmacognosy the process by which animals self-medicate by choosing soil, plants, and insects to treat and prevent disease Opium Dried latex obtained from the opium poppy Rhizome horizontal thick stem of a plant found underground. Peyote a small cactus with psychoactive alkaloids. Taxol mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy Hexing Herbs henbane and belladonna, believed to be used by witches Carminative prevents gas Capsaicin creates heat in peppers, analgesic. Scoville scale the measurement of the heat of a chili pepper. measures capsaicin in pepper Curry Powder a mixture of spices common in South Asian cuisine; typically contains coriander, turmeric, fenugreek, and red pepper. Myristicin present in the essential oil of nutmeg, and in smaller amounts in other herbs; insecticide. And hallucinogenic Reserpine Treats high blood pressure and other conditions. Belongs to a class of drugs called rauwolfia alkaloids Bioassay tests for biological activity using living organisms, tissues, cells, etc. Hemiparasite a parasitic plant that derives some of its sustenance from another plant. (semi photosynthetic) ex: mistletoe Myrrh aromatic resin of trees Tussie-mussie a small, compact, cluster of flowers. (flower bouquet) Dioecious plant that has a separate male and female part. Native American Church practices Peyotism Evil eye a look that is believed cause injury or bad luck to the person it is directed at. Cured with garlic Mescaline the psychedelic alkaline in Peyote. Microtubules form the spindle during mitosis or meiosis in a cell. Dropsy Edema, buildup of fluid on extremities, associated with heart issues. Brugmansia Woody daturas, tropane alkaloids, angels trumput, can cause violent hallucinations, foaming at mouth and convulsions. Organoleptic aspects of food or other substances as experiences by the senses. Essential oils oils you can extract from plants that usually have medicinal values. Umbel cluster of flowers on short flower stalks. Flowers stem from one point. Parsely Antibiotic medicine that destroys or slows down the growth of a microorganism, primarily bacteria. Infection the invasion and multiplication of microorganism such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. Entheogen chemical substance used in a religious, shamanic, or spiritual context that may be synthesized or obtained from natural species. Arachidonic Acid omega 6 unsaturated fatty acid Vin Mariani French tonic wine that contained coca. Eugenol the dominant oil in allspice. also in cloves and cinnamon. produced mainly in Jamaica. Jerk rubs and mole sauces. Garam masala blend of ground spices common in North Indian and other South Asian cuisines. Nociceptors pain sensation. Name three herbs or spices that the Egyptians used in the preparation of mummies. Cumin Anise Marjoram Myrrh Fankincense How is frankincense harvested? What beast of burden do frankincense collectors use when they travel to and from their collecting sites? Frankincense is harvested by cutting bark (with knife) and collecting sap -use camels to travel According to the assigned reading, "A taste of adventure," how did events during the 7th Century in the Middle East affect the spice trade with Europe in the Middle Ages? Events in Middle EAST- Islamic takeover of Alexandria, cut off the spice trade from India to Europe, arrested large volume flow of spices What two spices did the Dutch East India Company seek to monopolize when they took control of the islands in the Molucca Archipelago? Nutmeg and cloves were the spices that the Dutch East Trading company had a monopoly over. What are the three major areas of origin of herbs, spices, and medicinal plants? Name three examples of commercially important plants from each of these areas. Europe and the Mediterranean region: -Mint, parsley, mustard Old world tropics: -nutmeg & mace, ginger, clove, cinnamon, black pepper New world tropics: -Vanilla, allspice, capsicum peppers What characteristics of the Old World spices (physical, chemical, etc.) made them particularly well suited to long distance trade between Europe and the Far East in ancient times? light, chemically potent, useful in small quantities, and had long life when dried. In the 21st century, spices are still important in commerce but they have declined considerably in value. Discuss three reasons why spices are relatively less expensive today than they were in ancient times. -improved transportation, large scale agriculture production, new centers of production Which Old World spice is "coppiced" to produce numerous long straight shoots? Cinnamon Which Old Word spice plant produces two different spices from the same fruit? nutmeg → mace comes from the aril which grows around the seed Which Old World spice is an important ingredient in cigarettes marketed in Indonesia? clove What is the difference between true cinnamon and cassia? Cassia- the whole bark is used. cinnamon is only inner bark What member of the ginger family is responsible for the yellow color of curry powder? -tumeric What part of cardamom is used as a spice? the seeds Why does natural vanilla have a more complex flavor than artificial vanilla? true vanilla is more flavorful because it comes from true vanilla beans. artificial vanilla comes from other sources such as wood pulp. remnants from tar, and oil have even been found. How is vanilla pollinated in a commercial agricultural setting? in an agricultural setting the vanilla is pollinated by inserting the pollen directly into the center of the plant with a needle. 3 characteristics of Ginger Perennial herbs, thick rhizomes, alternative leaves, pan-tropical distribution, most diverse in SE Asia, found in shady lowland forests with rich soil 3 characteristics of Mint herbs and shrubs with square stems and opposite leaves symmetric flowers with usually 5 petals, ovar divided into 4 compartments 3 characteristics of Parsley Vegetative: herbs with alternate leaves often with a sheath Reproductive: flowers arranged in "umbels" and usually small and inconspicuous individually but arranged in clusters Geography: Mediterranean region and temperate zones 3 characteristics of Mustard Reproductive: flowers have 4 petals arranged in a cross All species of Mustard are edible cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and kale--were all bred from a single species of mustard Some members of the Parsley family are used for their leaves (e.g., parsley), while others are used for the fruits and seeds (e.g., cumin). Name two members of this family that are used for both their leaves and seeds. cilantro/coriander and Dill List five commonly used culinary herbs in the Mint family basil, oregano, sage, thyme, and marjoram, rosemary The Aztecs used _________ to flavor chocolate. Vanilla A spice that combines the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmeg in one fruit is ____________ Allspice Of the three New World spices, the one that made the greatest contribution to regional cuisines in Europe and Asia is _________ Capsicum Peppers Peyote is the source of the hallucinogenic drug _______ Mescaline De Materia Medica, written by __________was an important medical reference book for more than a 1,000 years. Discorides How long do patents on pharmaceutical drugs last? 20 years. Costs avg. 800m-1.7b to bring to market How do herbal OTC products differ from pharmaceutical medicines in terms of strength and composition? pharmaceutical drugs are more potent, less toxic, and more easily administered Approximately how many prescription drugs are derived from plants? 120 What percent of prescriptions written in the USA contain one or more plant-derived ingredients? 40% Horseradish is obtained from what part of the horseradish plant? Root The plant that provides wasabi belongs to what family? wasabi belong to mustard family (brassicaceae) What plant in the Parsley family has licorice-scented seeds? anise has licorice scented seeds What culinary herb is an important ingredient in pesto? basil - pesto What are two important therapeutic uses of garlic in modern herbal medicine? garlic- warms stomach and aids in digestion (carminative) and reduces nausea (motion sickness) Collard greens, cabbage, Brussel sprouts, and broccoli were all derived from a single species in what plant family? collard greens, cabbage, brussel sprouts, and broccoli were all derived from Mustard family What is responsible for the difference in taste and appearance when comparing American-style mustard to Dijon-style mustard? american style mustard- uses white seed ; dijon-style mustard- uses brown seeds How do mammals and birds respond differently to the "hot" compounds in capsicum peppers? birds are not affected by the Capsicum so that they can spread the seeds Mistletoe is being tested as a potential treatment for what disease? Cancer What ancient religious sect considered mistletoe sacred because it grew on trees? Druids considered mistletoe sacred What culinary herb is associated culturally or symbolically with "remembrance"? Rosemary How do the names of alkaloids usually end (what suffix)? usually end in -ine What class of plant secondary compounds consists of a sugar bonded to a non-sugar compound? glycosides What is the difference between naturally occurring salicin and aspirin? Aspirin is a derivative of salicin- esterification reaction Heroin is produced from opium, but raw opium does not contain heroin ― explain! heroin is semisynthetic. opium is altered in a lab to create heroin. Why is henbane not a good salad herb? henbane causes convulsions and hallucinations. can ultimately be lethal if too much is consumed. Random screening is a relatively inefficient method of searching for new plant medicines. Describe four more targeted strategies that pharmaceutical prospectors are currently using in the search for new medicines Taxonomic targeting Ecological targeting Ethnobotanical targeting Zoopharmacognosy What percentage of prescriptions written in the US contain one or more plant-derived ingredients? 40% What recommendations would you give the client in terms of supplying proper conditions for drainage, soil pH, sunlight, mulching, and irrigation? good drainage need to raise our soil pH so it is less acidic sunlight - 6 hours mulching is a must irrigation: once or twice a week during the summer fertilize only 2-3 times a season hardscaping a garden this is the non-natural elements of the garden. this can be anything from a wall to a fully developed outdoor living room. Why do Arab spice traders rub noses with their suppliers? To test each others' smell 3 major areas of origin of herbs, spices, and medicinal plants Mediterranean Old World Spice New World Spice Mediterranean commercially important plants Horseradish, mustard, dill, peppermint, onion Old World tropics commercially important plants Cloves, Cinnamon, black pepper New World tropics commercially important plants Vanilla, Allspice, Capsicum peppers Ethnobotanical investigating how indigenous groups have been using plants for medicinal purposes so that the medicinal compound can be isolated How have concerns over intellectual and genetic property rights affected bioprospecting? They have limited the amount of searching for and extracting potential pharmaceutical compounds from plants. What is meant by "biopiracy"? What is "prior informed consent"? Biopiracy is bioprospecting activities that do not adequately address issues of intellectual and genetic property rights. Prior informed consent is given by local communities, in addition to national governments that must give consent for research activities What member of the Ginger family is included in their recipe for the spice mix called Garam Masala? Cardamom of the ginger family Where are the finest allspice berries grown? The finest allspice berries are grown on the island of Jamaica. How is pure vanilla extract prepared? Pure vanilla extract is prepared by steeping the pods in alcohol.