the geography of food and health 2023 100% correct questions and answers

infant mortality rate total number of deaths of children 1 year old / total number of live births x 1000 measurement for access to safe water access to water that is affordable, in sufficient quanitity and availabale without excessive effort and time measurement to health services measured in the number of people per doctor, health worker or hospital DALYs the sum of years of potential life loss due to premature mortality and the years of producive life lost due to disability malnutrition a state of poor nutrition, resulting from a deficiency or imbalance of proteins, energy and minerals obesity an unhealthy condition where excess body fat has accumulated and the BMI exceeds 30 HALE health-adjusted life expectancy. indicates the number of expected years of life equivalent to years lived in full health, based on the average experience in a population. starvation a state of extreme hunger, resulting from lack of food over a prolonged period of time. temporary hunger a short term physiological need for food, resulting from deprivation famine an extreme shortage of food, resulting in mortality. famine can occur where food is available, but people lack the means to buy it reasons for food deficiency increasing oil and energy prices - push up price of food production. rising demand- global population growth natural disasters- drought and floods biofuels- competing with food for arable land underinvestment in agriculture- specifically in developing nations-- foreign aid goes to agriculture climate change- drier, water shortages, extreme weather FAD food availability deficit-- food deficiencies caused by local shortages due to physical factors such as drought or flood FED food entitlement deficit-- food deficiencies caused by political and economic factors (hunger in regions where food production was increasing) patterns in calorie intake Least developed countries = lowest food intake vs. developing world 2x. and newly industrializing countries rising food intakes HALE and education life expectancy and HALE increase with education -- less educated people have shorter life expectancies and more ill health during short lifetimes problems with HALE data lack of reliable data on mortality in low-income countries lack of comparability of self-reported data from health interviews reasons for global rise in life expectancy greater food production, greater availability of clean water, better living conditions, better healthcare anomalies with global rise in life expectancy geographic variations within countries-- Brazil death rates higher in shanty towns vs. better environment regions and richer regions live longer IMR of black people in SA is higher than white epidemiological transition a country's shift from infectious/contagious diseases (epidemics) to degenerative diseases healthcare limitations access and ability to pay increasing food output high-yielding varieties (HYV's)- genetically engineered crops artificial fertilizers (maintain yield) pesticides (kill competitors) irrigation (sustain maximum yield) biotechnology-- another green revolution but mainly just for MEDCs mechanisms that have influence on farming: markets-- farmers will produce outputs in response to guaranteed prices/markets human productivity-- to keep laboured in rural areas, better pay and working conditions are needed case study: Green Revolution HYVs, pesticides/herbicides, chemical fertilizers, irrigation water-- increase crop yield benefits-- more food production, reduce food imports, boost productivity of commercial crops negatives-- unemployment due to mechanization, cost, population out-growing food production, enviro-- mismanaged irrigation = salinization, HYVs use up soil nutrients, groundwater contamination Heath -- cancer and neonatal illness factors causing food shortages 1.) energy/ oil prices= increases cost of food production (farm machinery, transportation, pesticide manufacturing) 2.) Rising demand- increased population and increased affluence 3.) natural hazards- drought and flooding disrupts agricultural production 4.) biofuels- competing w/ food for land 5.) underinvestment in agriculture 6.) speculative trading in agricultural commodities- banks investing in agriculture = fluctuations in market prices 7.) climate change- drought and water shortages, extreme weather conditions case study: food insecurity and famine in ethiopia Ethiopia silent famine (2009-10)- ethiopian government hid its food crisis, restricted access to aid organizations (6.2 million Ethiopians needed food aid) causes to food insecurity: 1.) drought and flooding- prolonged drought 2.)shortage of land- pop. growth= subdivision and redistribution of land holdings (gov. owned, inadequate size) 3.) land degradation- overpopulation= overgrazing/cultivation= soil exposure = erosion 4.) political conflict- somali vs. eritrea + drought = disrupted market and food access. + diverted gov. money from agriculture 5.) food aid- leads to dependency, undercuts the local market, takes away from other forms of aid 6.) population growth- high fertility rate 7.) rise in food prices- price of maize in ethiopia increasing= limiting access 8.) terms of trade- main export is coffee- decrease in coffee prices + unfair competition 9.) poverty-- low income + lack of assets + increase food prices. improved food security by: irrigation, specialized production w/ ecological, inputs (improved seeds, fertilizers), increasing micro-credit mechanisms, improving health services trading bloc arrangement among countries to allow free trade among member countries but to impose tariffs on countries wanting to trade (EU). includes guaranteed prices and guaranteed market imports were subject to duties and export subsidies made EU products more competitive free trade allows a country to trade competitively with another country without restrictions of imports/exports advantages of free trade comparative advantages- countries specialize countries can obtain goods/services more cheaply, and year-round, increases competitive, efficiency and reduces waste multilateral arrangements when a number of countries (EU) agree to import goods from a number of other countries (African, Caribbean and pacific nations- ACP)- were given preferential access to EU bilateral arrangements one consumer agrees with one producer. ex: st. lucia banana agreement w/ sainsbury ways to alleviate food shortages: short term increase production- not setting land aside food aid seeds and fertilizer- planting and buying export bans- drive prices higher ways to alleviate food shortages: medium term free trade- lowering farm subsidies, (direct impact= raise food prices in developing world because producers sell to western markets) biofuels- plant-derived fuels ways to alleviate food shortages: long term agricultural investment- fertilizer, irrigation, terracing= efficiency GM crops- improves yields but for MEDCs Sustainability- rethinking western lifestyles/expectations, conserve resources Case study: fair trade pineapples in Ghana Prudent exports and blue-skies- pineapple exporting businesses in Ghana prudent exports- better working conditions, longer contracts, better wages own farms + buys pineapples from smallholders + exports directly to european markets blue skies- organic collective association (BSOC) is pineapple farmers that are part of collectives that supply to blue skies-- blue skies products helped them achieve organic and fairtrade certification -- funds collected from fairtrade premium paid for water in the villages fair trade trade that attempts to be socially, economically and environmentally responsible fair prices for goods/services, good working conditions, job/output security sustainable agriculture ability of a farm to produce food indefinitely, without causing irreversible damage to ecosystems energy efficiency ratio measure of the amount of energy inputs into a system compared with the outputs EER = energy outputs/ inputs environmental costs of increased food production increasing crop yield- GMOs, HYVs, increasing livestock yield- resources used, selective breeding, factory farming= eutrophication of lakes, animal cruelty eliminating competitors- insecticides, herbicides and fungicides= contamination of drainage systems modifying landscape/reducing biodiversity- deforestation, drainage of wetlands, = increases albedo= agroecosystems that lack the diversity and ecological resilience of natural ecosystems sustainable yield amount of the food (yield) that can be taken from the land without reducing the ability of the land to produce the same amount of goods in the future, without any additional inputs (how much can be produced without harming the land) organic farming applying manure/compost instead of inorganic fertilizers crop rotation biological controls vs. pesticides reducing energy subsidies (transport, manufacture) freegrazing livestock patterns of disease prevalence rates for infectious/communicable diseases are higher in LEDC's, degenerative/non-communicable higher in MEDC's infectious/communicable diseases diseases of poverty contagious and transmitted by close human contact or vectors spread through unsanitary conditions/overcrowding malaria, schistosomiasis, HIV-AIDs non-communicable/ chronic disease diseases of affluence heart disease, stroke, chronic respiration failure, cancer smoking, high-energy diet, low levels of physical activity, high alcohol consumption, air pollution, radiation frictional effect of distance/distance decay suggest that areas that are closer to the source are more likely to be affected by it barriers to disease diffusion: physical= mountains/water bodies political and economic boundaries- border controls, campaigns/treatment expansion diffusion occurs when the expanding disease has a source and diffuses outwards into new areas relocation diffusion occurs when the spreading disease moves into new areas, leaving its origin (person w/ HIV moving) contagious diffusion spread of an infectious disease through direct contact with those effected hierarchal diffusion when a disease spreads through an ordered sequences of classes or places (cites to large urban areas- small urban areas) network diffusion disease spreads via transportation and social networks (HIV via transport routes) Mixed diffusion combination of contagious diffusion and hierarchical diffusion malaria kills 3 million annually malaria causing parasite is transmitted via bites of mosquitos- multiply in liver and attack red blood cells symptoms: fever, headache, vomiting- disrupts blood supply to vital organs vector= mosquito + its parasite thrive in humid tropical areas and stagnant water areas natural triggers= climatic variations/natural disasters human triggers= conflict/war, agricultural projects, dams, mining, logging (all modify physical enviro. and increase capacity for mosquitos to transmit malaria) cost effects: medication, prevention (bednets), inability to work during attack, treatment= public health costs interrupt education, decrease national productivity, deter tourists/business investors control= protect humans from mosquito and reduce mosquito population 1) no vaccine because parasites developed resistance. 2.) insecticide DDT eradicates mosquitos but enviro. concerns + carcinogenic + built resistence 3) Bed nets- cost 4.) killing mosquito larvae- cover open water/stagnant water and sock lakes/pond w/ fish to eat larvae-- long effect HIV/AIDS 2/3 of all people effected by HIV AIDS live in sub-saharan africa cost- hospitalization, training for health workers, administration of antiretroviral treatment. biggest incidence of death is economically active population= depletion of work force + lost income tax expensive labour + reduced profits= not attracting industries teachers + health workers short supply Adds to food insecurity children, girls, have to leave school for work, women have to abandon domestic work for male-dominated jobs HIV Anti-viral spread by blood (needles, intercourse) fatigue, weight loss, fever, infections measles 95% of measles deaths occur in low-income countries highest risk= unvaccinated children or w/ suppressed immune system (AIDS) + countries experiencing conflict/natural disasters because damage to health services disrupts normal immunization, and increases overcrowding = infection contagious virus spread by coughing and sneezing- can last in air for two hours, can be transmitted to another person 4 days prior and after rash symptoms- flu-like w/ a rash that covers face and hands -- blindness, brain swelling, dehydration, pneumonia prevention= routine measles vaccination for children, mass immunization campaigns. safe, effective, inexpensive global increase in measles immunization case study mexico obesity 2nd fattest nation in the world mean daily per capita income of $2 consumption of mcdonalds increased by 60% since 2005 consequence of inactive urban lifestyle and replacement of manual labour by technology health campaign in 2008- pepsiCo- programme for children using a computer game to persuade them to take more exercise and eat more healthily diabetes, obesity Case study: India diabetes diabetic population expected to increase by 150% between causes- changing lifestyle of rural-urban migration, lack of exercise, high cholesterol consumption, smoking caring for diabetic family member- 25% of household income= access to and compliance w/ medication is an issue only 1.2% of annual budget goes to diabetes cultural diversity- language/culture/religious/educational barriers to treatment acute infectious conditions takes medical priority indicators to health of a population IMR Life expectancy Calorie intake access to safe water access to health services HALE prevention of treatment