Sociology Exam 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

Durkheim defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things. Which of the following is an example of what Durkheim termed the profane? a chair in a courtroom Outside of Christianity, the largest single faith in the world is islam Sociologist Max Weber pointed out that the followers of John Calvin emphasized a disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation to life. Collectively, this point of view has been referred to as the Protestant ethic. The use of a church in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice evident in a secular society is referred to as liberation theology Statements to which members of a particular religion adhere are referred to as religious beliefs. Many people in the United States strongly adhere to the biblical explanation of the beginning of the universe. Adherents of this point of view are known as (Social Policy and Religion: Religion in the Schools creationists In his autobiography, the late African American activist Malcolm X wrote of his hajj (pilgrimage) to the holy city of Mecca. Malcolm X's journey is an example of religious experience A/An _________ is a religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society and is recognized as the national or official religion. ecclesia "Religion serves to bind people together in times of crisis and confusion." This statement is reflective of which sociological perspective? functionalist The issue of religion in schools goes to the heart of which Amendment? first In the case of Engle v. Vitale, the Supreme Court ruled in 1962 that nondenominational prayer in New York schools was "wholly inconsistent" with the First Amendment's prohibition against government establishment of religion. The most basic manifest function of education is the transmission of knowledge. Which of the following is NOT a latent function of education? bestowing status Fifty years ago, a high school diploma was the minimum requirement for entry into the paid labor force of the United States. Today, a college diploma is virtually the bare minimum. This change reflects the process of credentialism Suppose that a school places students in specific "ability groups" on the basis of test scores and other criteria. This reflects the practice of tracking Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis have argued that capitalism requires a skilled, disciplined labor force and that the educational system of the United States is structured with that objective in mind. Citing numerous studies, they offer support for what they call the correspondence principle. In the late 1960s, psychologist Robert Rosenthal and school principal Lenore Jacobson published a book entitled Pygmalion in the Classroom. In this report, they referred to a __________ effect. teacher-expectancy Sociologist Max Weber noted five basic characteristics of bureaucracy, all of which are evident in the vast majority of schools, whether at the elementary, secondary, or even college level. Which of the following is NOT one of these? shared decision-making Which of the following is NOT one of the factors contributing to the declining interest in teaching as a profession, as cited in the text? Violence in the schools is at an all-time high. Among the four ideal types of subcultures among college students discussed in the text, the __________ subculture identifies with the intellectual concerns of the faculty. academic According to the text's discussion of home schooling, while the practice is legal in all 50 states, only 10 states require no notification. The belief that the trend toward more centralized education has harmful consequences for disadvantaged people is an example of which sociological perspective? conflict Sociologist Joe R. Feagin has studied which one of the following distinctive collegiate subcultures? Black students at predominately White universities. According to __________, religion impedes social change by encouraging oppressed people to focus on other-worldly concerns rather than on their immediate poverty or exploitation. karl marx sociology the scientific study of social behavior and human groups sociological imagination c wright mills describes it as an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society science the body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation sociology science common sense common everyday knowledge sociological theory a set of statements that seeks to explain problems actions or behavior conflict theory power and oppression, tension between groups functionalists order and integration, structure to stability interactionist small groups, social interaction auguste comte coined the term sociology harriet martineau wrote the first methods book herbert spencer the first structural functionalist emile durkheim insisted behavior should be understood within a larger social context karl marx society is divided in two groups, clashing in pursuit of their own interests max weber to understand behavior we must understand why people act the way they do verstehen german word for understanding WEB DuBois african american that wrote a book charles cooley look at smaller units, face to face groups, families, gangs looking glass self we are who others think we are mead wanted to be more specific stages of meads "self" prep stage, play stage, game stage goffman presentation of the self; impression management, dramaturgy, face work jane adams combined intellectual inquiry social service work and political activism robert merton produced a theory that is one of the most frequently cited explanations of deviant behavior anomie Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective. ideal type A construct or model for evaluating specific cases. macrosociology sociological investigation that concentrates on large scale phenomena or entire civilizations microsociology sociological investigation that stresses the study of small groups, often through experimental means functionalist perspective A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability. globalization worldwide integration of government policies interactionist perspective a sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole manifest function intended outcome latent function unintended function conflict perspective A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups dramaturgical approach A view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers. dysfunction an element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability scientific method a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem