Hdfs 239 Final Exam 2023 with complete solution questions and answers

Substance Abuse Risk Factors - Genetic Susceptibility - Family (non supportive, decreased monitoring) - Social - Availability - Normalization - Positive expectations - Early Puberty Substance Abuse Protective Factors - Low Genetic susceptibility (low attraction to novelty) - Family support - High Academic Achievement - Engagement in school/ extracurriculars - Religiosity Stereotype Threat Works against any group of people who are aware and understand a stereotype that is not in their favor. Intelligence Measuring educational achievement 1. School Performance 2. Standardized Tests 3. Educational Attainment (how far you go in school) * school performance and educational attainment are predicted by motivation Peer Influence Peers influence gender socialization: discourage other acting in a way that is only meant for another gender Peers influence achievement: more salient on achievement in adolescence; inspire each other to do well Socialization Process by which people acquire behaviors and beliefs of culture they are living in. - Self Regulation - Role Preparation - Sources of meaning (what we should strive/live for?) 4 A's of Porn Available, Anonymous, Addictive and Affordable How many times did men masturbate in 1985? 5 times a year How many times did men masturbate in 2005? 5 times a week How many porn websites where there in 2005? Over 5 million Internal vs. External Locus of Control Internal: blame all outcomes on your own actions ex: I did or did not study enough for that exam. External: blame all outcomes on others actions ex: that test was really easy, the teacher made that test way too hard. Mastery Oriented Believe that Success comes from hard work Learned Helplessness Believe that Failure is inevitable Depression Feeling numb, dejected. More common in females 1 in 4 Emerging Adults suffer from Depression Treatments for Depression 1. Anti-depressants 2. Cognitive, Behavioral Therapy 3. Talk therapy 4. Psychotherapy 5. Family Therapy - Stop the cycle, teach the family how to properly interact with child) Diathesis-Stess Model More likely to develop psychological disturbance when: predisposition (diathesis) to something genetically, combined with environmental triggers (stress). Once the amount of stimuli from environment reach and surpass an individual's threshold, depression will happen. Differential Susceptibility Model Different people have a different threshold to a certain stressful event. Ex: Amy thinks breaking up with her boyfriend is stressful while Jessica thinks that studying for an exam is stressful. Emerging Adulthood Theory proposed by Jeffrey Arnett. 18-mid/late 20s. Life stage between adolescence and adulthood Age of Identity Identity vs. Role Confusion Marcia's Moratorium Identity Stage Searching for soulmate Looking for identity based work- getting meaning out of the job Age of Instability Changes in relationship, job, residence, education status Emerging Adults on average change jobs 7 times in their 20's. Age of Self Focus Few Responsibilities Not necessarily narcissistic Figuring out who they are- Resolving identity vs. Role Confusion crisis Age of Feeling in Between Not full fledged adult, but NOT a child/teenager. In some ways we feel like adults, but in others we don't. Not in a rush to reach adulthood Age of Possibilities Least tied down to other people or responsibilities A LOT of flexibility & freedom Love in Adolescence No expectations of marriage Dating with in friend groups Love in Emerging Adulthood Searching for soulmate Love in Adulthood 75% married with children by 30's Work/Education in Adolescence 95% enrolled in school Work for spending money. No bills to pay. Work/Education in Emerging Adulthood 60% go to college, but only 30% graduate with a 4 year degree. Looking for job with meaning. May pay for bills. Work/Education in Adulthood 10% enrolled in higher education Works to pay the bills Parenting Style: Authoritative High warmth. High demands. Makes for me mature, responsible, self confident, creative children that have better social skills and are more academically successful. BEST OUTCOME Parenting Style: Authoritarian Low warmth. High demands. Makes for children that are less socially skilled and have a lower self esteem. These children to do experiment to find themselves, they adapt their parents identities Parenting Style: Permissive/Indulgent High warmth. Low Demands. Makes for more immature, irresponsible children. These children are greatly influenced by peer pressure and may develop behavior problems. These parents are major enablers. Parenting Style: Neglectful/Indifferent Low warmth. Low demands. Makes for children that are more impulsive, and participate more in delinquent and antisocial behavior. Parental Boundaries Consistent reinforcement/boundaries are key during adolescence. Set boundaries before age 12. However the boundaries decrease as the child grows up. 3 C's in Intimacy 1. Closeness 2. Commitment 3. Communication Closeness Letting someone see who you are in. Being yourself. Commitment Staying there with someone through thick and thin. Communication Truly being able to say how you feel and feel understood by your partner. Sexual Culture in the U.S. Semi-Restrictive In the US we encourage dating, but we never talk about sex and do not encourage children to experiment with their bodies (masturbation) Horizontal Identity When the child has an identity that differs from the parents, and the parents are unable to emphasize with the child because the parent has no idea what the child is going through. Vertical Identity When the child has the same identity as the parents. Transmitted from one generation to the next. - religion, race, social status, physical attributes, thinking, mental ability, interests, sexuality. Cognitive Changes in Adolescence 1. Thinking about Possibilities: generate alternatives 2. Thinking about abstract concepts: Time travel, "when pigs fly" 3. Metacognition: Thinking about yourself & your own thoughts. 4. Thinking in Multiple Dimensions: Understand different perspectives. "walk a mile in someone else's shoes" 5. Thinking in relative terms: Knowing people have different definitions for a word than you do. Right & wrong to you may differ from someone else. Egocentric Heightened self consciousness Imaginary audience: Everyone is watching me and looking at my flaws Personal Fable: no one understands me. Why must this happen to me? Prefrontal Cortex Ability to reason, plan, and communicate. Still developing til mid 20's Dorsolateral Planning ahead, thinking about thinking, considering alternatives Ventromedial Intuition, gut feeling, going with your instinct Orbitofrontal Evaluate risk & reward Adolescents underestimate risk and overestimate reward Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Level 1 Pre-conventional: Knowing right & wrong Learning what actions get you in trouble and what actions get you praised for. Learn how to avoid punishment Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Level 2 Conventional: Society Learning what it means to be 'good' in society Leaning society's rules and norms Most people reach and stay at this level Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Level 3 Post-conventional: Non Conformist Understand, yet question society's rules and norms Not many people reach this level Moratorium High exploration/crisis. Low commitment Still finding possibilities Diffusion Low exploration/crisis. Low commitment. super laid back. "live and let live" no worries - usually drug users Foreclosure Low exploration/crisis. High commitment takes identity of parents Achieved High exploration/crisis. High commitment Looks for conclusion and made definite commitment BEST OUTCOME Brain Stem Fight, flight, freeze, collapse Limbic System Reward center, emotions, gut feeling. Cortex Experience dependent. Parents dealing with child's adolescence 1. Parents go through mid life crisis (40-60. generation vs. stagnation stage) 2. Sandwich generation: Could be taking care of parents and children at same time 3. State of Marital Status: puts strains on the marriage 4. Financial: having to pay for college for kids=more stress Siblings dealing with Adolescence Sibling roles are more equal in adolescence, however they become more distant because they are out hanging with their own friends. They have a shared environment and a non-shared (personal) environment. Adolescence perceptions of time Children lack concept of time Delayers vs. Non Delayers test. Non delayers: More likely to be substance abusers and participate in antisocial behavior. Delayers: Properly measure risk & reward. More successful in life. Best Friends 1,2 or 3 people Cliques 3-12 people Composed of people with the same race, age, SES, gender, hobbies, interests, feelings toward school Crowds Defined by behavior, not actually interactions. Reputation based Help us make sense of the world. Where do I fit in? Adolescent Self Esteem Overall sense of self-worth, well being High during childhood, plummets during adolescence Baseline Changes Major life changes that drastically effect our self esteem and take a while to get back to baseline Barometric Changes Minor life changes that we get over with a day or even hours. Intimacy in Early Childhood Need for participation in playtime Intimacy in Middle Childhood Need for playmates and peer acceptance Intimacy in Preadolescence Need for intimacy and validation from peers in non-romantic relationships Intimacy in Early Adolescence Need for sexual contact and intimacy from romantic relationships Intimacy in Late Adolescence Need for integrating intimate relationships into adult society Pseudo- Intimate Stereotypical, going through motions Merger Immeshed, taking on partners life and identity, no boundaries between yourself and your partner. weak sense of identity Isolated Uninvolved in any relationships Intimate Best honest real relationship. Very healthy.