HDFS 239 Exam 2 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

Self-Fulfillng Prophecy The idea that individuals' behavior is influenced by others' expectations for them Family Systems Theory A perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family relationships (such as marital, parent-child, sibling) Midlife Crisis A psychological crisis over identity believed to occur between the ages of 35 and 45, the age range of most adolescents' parents Familism An orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual Generational Dissonance Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents Parental Responsiveness Refers to the degree to which the parents response to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner Parental Demandingness Refers to the degree to which the parent expects and insists on mature, responsible behavior from the child Authoritative Parents Parents who use warmth, firm control, and rational, issue-oriented discipline, in which emphasis is placed on the development of self-direction Authoritarian Parents Parents who use punitive, absolute, and forceful discipline, and who place a premium on obedience and conformity Indulgent Parents Parents who are characterized by responsiveness but low demandingness, and who are mainly concerned with the child's happiness Indifferent Parents Parents who are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness Behavioral Genetics The scientific study of genetic influences on behavior Shared Environmental Influences Nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other Non shared Environmental Influences Nongenetic influences in individuals' lives that make them different from people to live with Sibling Rivalry Competition between siblings, often for parental attention Sibling Deidentification The process through which siblings deliberately try to be different from each other Foster Care A placement in a temporary living arrangement when a child's parents are not able to provide care, nurturance, or safety Peer Groups Groups of individuals of approximately the same age Age Grading The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age Baby Boom The period following WWII, during which number of infants born was extremely large Cliques Small, tightly know groups of between 2 and 12 friends, generally of the same sex and age Crowds Large, loosely organized groups of young people, composed of several cliques and typically organized around a common shared activity Participant Observation A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships Ethnography A type of research in which individuals are observed in their natural settings Reference Groups A group against which an individual compares him- or herself Gangs Organized peer groups of antisocial individuals Iatrogenic Effects Unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention Sociometric Popularity How well-liked an individual is Perceived Popularity How much status or prestige an individual has Instrumental Aggression Aggressive behavior that is deliberate and planned Reactive Aggression Aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive Relational Aggression Acts intended to harm another through the manipulation of his or her relationships with others, as in malicious gossip Hostile Attributional Bias The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately hostile Cyberbullying Bullying that occurs over the Internet or via cell phones Secondary Education The system of middle schools, junior high schools, and high schools Comprehensive High School An educational institution that evolved during the first half of the 20th century, offering a varied curriculum and designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents Social Promotion The practice of promotive students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance Critical Thinking Thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it Standards-Based Reform Policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests Charter Schools Public schools that have been given the autonomy to establish their own curricula and teaching practices School Vouchers Government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition Schools Within Schools Subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness Junior High School An educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents Middle School An educational institution housing 7th and 8th grade students along with adolescents who are 1 or 2 years younger Tracking The practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level Gifted Students Students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance Learning Disability A difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction Dyslexia Impaired ability in reading or spelling Dysgraphia Impaired ability in handwriting Dyscalculia Impaired ability in arithmetic Mainstreaming The integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms Big Fish-Little Pond Effect The reason that individuals who attend high school with high-achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower-achieving peers ADHD A biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness, and restlessness, often in school situations Social Capital The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family Student Engagement The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work Zero Tolerance A get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction Premature Affluence Having more income than one can manage maturely, especially during adolescence Experience Sampling Method (ESM) A method of collective data about adolescents' emotional states, in which individuals are paged and asked to report on their mood and activity Curvilinear Pattern In statistical analyses, a pattern of relations between two variables that resembles a U-shaped or an inverted U-shaped curve Flow Experience The experience of high levels of both concentration and interest at the same time Routine Activity Theory A perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior Positive Youth Development The goal of programs designed to facilitate healthy psychosocial development and not simply to deter problematic development New Media Digital media typically accessed via computers, smartphones, or other Internet-based devices Digital Divide The fact that adolescents from different economic and cultural groups have differential access to digital technology Cultivation Theory A perspective on media that emphasizes the impact media exposure has on individuals Uses and Gratification Approach A perspective on media use that emphasizes the active role users play in selective the media to which they are exposed Media Practice Model A perspective on media use that emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact Correlation The extent to which two things vary systematically with each other Reverse Causation Relationship in which the correlation between tow things is due not to the first thing causing the second, but to the second causing the first Spurious Causation Relationship in which the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with some third factor Internet Addiction A disorder in which an individual's use of the Internet is pathological, defined by six symptoms: 1. Salience 2. Mood change 3. Tolerance 4. Withdrawal 5. Conflict 6. Relapse and Reinstatement Viral Marketing A way of promoting products or services by encouraging individuals to pass information on to others