Populatie Ecologie
April 2022
Table of Contents
Hoorcollege 1: De basis ........................................................................................................................... 6
Manieren om populatie ecologisch onderzoek te doen ..................................................................... 6
Bemonstering .................................................................................................................................. 6
Heterogene verspreiding (in plaats van homogeen) ....................................................................... 7
Populatie ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Aanwezigheidsbepaling ....................................................................................................................... 7
Dichtheid (desity) ............................................................................................................................ 7
Verspreiding (dispersion) ................................................................................................................ 7
Dichtheid ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Schaalniveaus (ruimtelijk) ................................................................................................................... 8
Ruimte en tijd .................................................................................................................................. 8
Temporeel (=tijd) ............................................................................................................................. 8
Interactie met de omgeving ................................................................................................................ 8
Condities .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Resources (hulpbronnen) ................................................................................................................ 8
Tolerantie/response curves............................................................................................................. 9
Factoren bepalend voor het voorkomen van een soort ................................................................. 9
Biomen ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Levensloop bepalende kenmerken: Life history traits ........................................................................ 9
Hoorcollege 2: Populatie ontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 10
Mastjaren ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Verschil territorium/homerange ................................................................................................... 10
Samenstelling ................................................................................................................................ 10
Voortplanting ................................................................................................................................ 11
Visualisatie verloop leven (life history) ......................................................................................... 11
Populatie ontwikkeling onderzoek zwijn vs. Otter ........................................................................ 11
Moleculaire data ........................................................................................................................... 12
Absoluut ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Populatiegroei ............................................................................................................................... 12
Relatief .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Groeifactor .................................................................................................................................... 12
Demografie .................................................................................................................................... 12
1
, Voorspellen populatiegrootte ....................................................................................................... 13
Realistisch modelleren .................................................................................................................. 13
Van waarneming naar model ........................................................................................................ 14
Dichtheid onafhankelijke factoren ................................................................................................ 15
Dichtheid afhankelijke factoren, deze bepalen de draagkracht ................................................... 15
Populatie ontwikkeling rondom draagkracht ................................................................................ 15
Beheer(smaatregelen) uitvoeren .................................................................................................. 15
Hoorcollege 3: Populatie ontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 16
Rekenvoorbeeld ............................................................................................................................ 17
Invloed van condities (klimaat) op populatiegroei (dichtheidsONafhankelijk) ................................. 17
Voorbeeld sluipwesp ..................................................................................................................... 17
Gele okkernootbladluis ................................................................................................................. 17
Draagkracht kan fluctueren ........................................................................................................... 17
Invloed van condities (klimaat) op de draagkracht (resources) (dichtheidsONafhankelijk) ............. 17
Voorbeeld muizen ......................................................................................................................... 17
Voorbeeld bijen ............................................................................................................................. 18
Demografische levenspiramide. ........................................................................................................ 18
Dichtheidsafhankelijke regulatie ....................................................................................................... 18
Veranderingen in immigratie en emigratie (dichtheidsafhankelijk) ................................................. 19
Migratie 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Migratie 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Onderzoek immigratie/emigratie ...................................................................................................... 19
Hoorcollege 4: Predatie/competitie ...................................................................................................... 20
Effecten van een invasieve exoot soms per ongeluk ingevoerd. ...................................................... 20
Voorbeeld – Amerikaanse vogelkers (AV) komt overal voor. ....................................................... 20
Voorbeeld – Californische rivierkreeft .......................................................................................... 20
Competitie ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Intra/interspecifieke concurrentie .................................................................................................... 20
Competitie en niche .......................................................................................................................... 21
Fundementele niche...................................................................................................................... 21
Gerealiseerde niche....................................................................................................................... 21
Ecologische niche .......................................................................................................................... 21
Competitieve exclusion principle. Stong competitor/weak competitor. Natural selection. ........ 21
Resource partitioning. ................................................................................................................... 21
Character displacement ................................................................................................................ 21
Voorbeeld van resource partitioning. ........................................................................................... 21
2
, Situaties waarin competitive exclusion NIET optreedt: ................................................................ 22
Model: The Lotka-Voltera Competition......................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Predatie ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Strategieën van predator om prooi te vinden/opeten. ................................................................ 23
Effecten predator op prooi............................................................................................................ 23
Reactie prooi ................................................................................................................................. 23
Model (Lotka-Volterra=LV) ............................................................................................................ 23
Er zijn drie typen LV modellen....................................................................................................... 25
Interactie met andere predatoren ................................................................................................ 25
Hoorcollege 5: Intraspecifieke competitie ............................................................................................ 26
Competitive exclusion principle. ................................................................................................... 26
Resource partitioning. ................................................................................................................... 26
Character displacement ................................................................................................................ 26
Voorbeeld exploitation competition ............................................................................................. 26
Voorbeeld Waterleliehaantjes ...................................................................................................... 27
Waardplanten................................................................................................................................ 27
Specialisatie ................................................................................................................................... 27
Trade-off: eigrootte vs. Aantal ...................................................................................................... 28
Voorbeeld Guppy .......................................................................................................................... 28
r- strategie vs. K-strategie ................................................................................................................. 29
Topdown regulatie ........................................................................................................................ 29
Hoorcollege 6: Aanpassing & Selectie, Gedragsecologie ...................................................................... 30
Behavioul Ecology/gedragsecologie .................................................................................................. 30
Aanpassing en natuurlijke selectie (NS) ............................................................................................ 30
Basis. .................................................................................................................................................. 30
Nico Tinbergen: waarom vertoont een dier dit gedrag? ............................................................... 30
De vier vragen van Tinbergen:....................................................................................................... 30
Natuurlijke selectie en aanpassing ................................................................................................ 30
Voorbeeld pauw: Handicap Hypothese ......................................................................................... 31
Voorbeeld oogkleur: ...................................................................................................................... 31
Seksuele selectie ............................................................................................................................... 31
Belangen van vrouwtjes en mannetjes bij seksuele selectie zijn niet altijd hetzelfde:................. 31
Inter seksuele selectie ................................................................................................................... 31
Intra seksuele selectie ................................................................................................................... 32
Maximaliseren van fitness ............................................................................................................. 32
3
, Foerageer strategieën: .................................................................................................................. 32
Solitaire foerageer strategieën...................................................................................................... 32
Prooimodel: ................................................................................................................................... 32
‘Patch’ model (voedsel heterogeen verdeeld) .............................................................................. 32
Sociale foerageer strategieën........................................................................................................ 32
Mating-systems. ................................................................................................................................ 33
Soorten mating systemen ............................................................................................................. 33
Broedzorg ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Centainly of paternity. ................................................................................................................... 33
Manieren van bevruchting ............................................................................................................ 33
Ecologische factoren ..................................................................................................................... 33
Selectie op gedragseigenschappen ................................................................................................... 33
Fenotypische plasticiteit ................................................................................................................ 34
Predator induced morphological defences (PIMDs) ..................................................................... 34
Epigenetica ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Hoorcollege 7: Biodiversiteit en soortenrijkdom .................................................................................. 35
Meten van biodiversiteit ................................................................................................................... 35
Diversiteits index: Shannon-Weaver index of diversity (H)........................................................... 35
Rank-abundance diagram.............................................................................................................. 36
Kennis van Biodiversiteit in Nederland ......................................................................................... 36
Niche concept ................................................................................................................................ 36
Eiland theorie .................................................................................................................................... 37
Berust op twee eigenschappen: .................................................................................................... 37
Hoe groter een eiland.................................................................................................................... 37
Geisoleerdheid van eilanden, evolutie en soortenrijkdom ........................................................... 37
Opbouw soortenrijkdom ................................................................................................................... 37
Uiteindelijke soortenrijkdom ook beïnvloed door: ........................................................................... 37
Productiviteit ................................................................................................................................. 38
Concurrentie .................................................................................................................................. 38
Predatie-intensiteit en soortenrijkdom ......................................................................................... 38
Temporele variatie (klimaat/seizoenen/dagelijkse en verstoring) ............................................... 38
Meer gradiënten van soortenrijkdom ........................................................................................... 38
Belang biodiversiteit .......................................................................................................................... 38
Verschil biodiversiteit en soortenrijkdom ..................................................................................... 38
Verlies biodiversiteit...................................................................................................................... 39
MSA = Mean species abundance ................................................................................................... 39
4
April 2022
Table of Contents
Hoorcollege 1: De basis ........................................................................................................................... 6
Manieren om populatie ecologisch onderzoek te doen ..................................................................... 6
Bemonstering .................................................................................................................................. 6
Heterogene verspreiding (in plaats van homogeen) ....................................................................... 7
Populatie ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Aanwezigheidsbepaling ....................................................................................................................... 7
Dichtheid (desity) ............................................................................................................................ 7
Verspreiding (dispersion) ................................................................................................................ 7
Dichtheid ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Schaalniveaus (ruimtelijk) ................................................................................................................... 8
Ruimte en tijd .................................................................................................................................. 8
Temporeel (=tijd) ............................................................................................................................. 8
Interactie met de omgeving ................................................................................................................ 8
Condities .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Resources (hulpbronnen) ................................................................................................................ 8
Tolerantie/response curves............................................................................................................. 9
Factoren bepalend voor het voorkomen van een soort ................................................................. 9
Biomen ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Levensloop bepalende kenmerken: Life history traits ........................................................................ 9
Hoorcollege 2: Populatie ontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 10
Mastjaren ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Verschil territorium/homerange ................................................................................................... 10
Samenstelling ................................................................................................................................ 10
Voortplanting ................................................................................................................................ 11
Visualisatie verloop leven (life history) ......................................................................................... 11
Populatie ontwikkeling onderzoek zwijn vs. Otter ........................................................................ 11
Moleculaire data ........................................................................................................................... 12
Absoluut ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Populatiegroei ............................................................................................................................... 12
Relatief .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Groeifactor .................................................................................................................................... 12
Demografie .................................................................................................................................... 12
1
, Voorspellen populatiegrootte ....................................................................................................... 13
Realistisch modelleren .................................................................................................................. 13
Van waarneming naar model ........................................................................................................ 14
Dichtheid onafhankelijke factoren ................................................................................................ 15
Dichtheid afhankelijke factoren, deze bepalen de draagkracht ................................................... 15
Populatie ontwikkeling rondom draagkracht ................................................................................ 15
Beheer(smaatregelen) uitvoeren .................................................................................................. 15
Hoorcollege 3: Populatie ontwikkeling ................................................................................................. 16
Rekenvoorbeeld ............................................................................................................................ 17
Invloed van condities (klimaat) op populatiegroei (dichtheidsONafhankelijk) ................................. 17
Voorbeeld sluipwesp ..................................................................................................................... 17
Gele okkernootbladluis ................................................................................................................. 17
Draagkracht kan fluctueren ........................................................................................................... 17
Invloed van condities (klimaat) op de draagkracht (resources) (dichtheidsONafhankelijk) ............. 17
Voorbeeld muizen ......................................................................................................................... 17
Voorbeeld bijen ............................................................................................................................. 18
Demografische levenspiramide. ........................................................................................................ 18
Dichtheidsafhankelijke regulatie ....................................................................................................... 18
Veranderingen in immigratie en emigratie (dichtheidsafhankelijk) ................................................. 19
Migratie 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Migratie 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Onderzoek immigratie/emigratie ...................................................................................................... 19
Hoorcollege 4: Predatie/competitie ...................................................................................................... 20
Effecten van een invasieve exoot soms per ongeluk ingevoerd. ...................................................... 20
Voorbeeld – Amerikaanse vogelkers (AV) komt overal voor. ....................................................... 20
Voorbeeld – Californische rivierkreeft .......................................................................................... 20
Competitie ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Intra/interspecifieke concurrentie .................................................................................................... 20
Competitie en niche .......................................................................................................................... 21
Fundementele niche...................................................................................................................... 21
Gerealiseerde niche....................................................................................................................... 21
Ecologische niche .......................................................................................................................... 21
Competitieve exclusion principle. Stong competitor/weak competitor. Natural selection. ........ 21
Resource partitioning. ................................................................................................................... 21
Character displacement ................................................................................................................ 21
Voorbeeld van resource partitioning. ........................................................................................... 21
2
, Situaties waarin competitive exclusion NIET optreedt: ................................................................ 22
Model: The Lotka-Voltera Competition......................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Predatie ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Strategieën van predator om prooi te vinden/opeten. ................................................................ 23
Effecten predator op prooi............................................................................................................ 23
Reactie prooi ................................................................................................................................. 23
Model (Lotka-Volterra=LV) ............................................................................................................ 23
Er zijn drie typen LV modellen....................................................................................................... 25
Interactie met andere predatoren ................................................................................................ 25
Hoorcollege 5: Intraspecifieke competitie ............................................................................................ 26
Competitive exclusion principle. ................................................................................................... 26
Resource partitioning. ................................................................................................................... 26
Character displacement ................................................................................................................ 26
Voorbeeld exploitation competition ............................................................................................. 26
Voorbeeld Waterleliehaantjes ...................................................................................................... 27
Waardplanten................................................................................................................................ 27
Specialisatie ................................................................................................................................... 27
Trade-off: eigrootte vs. Aantal ...................................................................................................... 28
Voorbeeld Guppy .......................................................................................................................... 28
r- strategie vs. K-strategie ................................................................................................................. 29
Topdown regulatie ........................................................................................................................ 29
Hoorcollege 6: Aanpassing & Selectie, Gedragsecologie ...................................................................... 30
Behavioul Ecology/gedragsecologie .................................................................................................. 30
Aanpassing en natuurlijke selectie (NS) ............................................................................................ 30
Basis. .................................................................................................................................................. 30
Nico Tinbergen: waarom vertoont een dier dit gedrag? ............................................................... 30
De vier vragen van Tinbergen:....................................................................................................... 30
Natuurlijke selectie en aanpassing ................................................................................................ 30
Voorbeeld pauw: Handicap Hypothese ......................................................................................... 31
Voorbeeld oogkleur: ...................................................................................................................... 31
Seksuele selectie ............................................................................................................................... 31
Belangen van vrouwtjes en mannetjes bij seksuele selectie zijn niet altijd hetzelfde:................. 31
Inter seksuele selectie ................................................................................................................... 31
Intra seksuele selectie ................................................................................................................... 32
Maximaliseren van fitness ............................................................................................................. 32
3
, Foerageer strategieën: .................................................................................................................. 32
Solitaire foerageer strategieën...................................................................................................... 32
Prooimodel: ................................................................................................................................... 32
‘Patch’ model (voedsel heterogeen verdeeld) .............................................................................. 32
Sociale foerageer strategieën........................................................................................................ 32
Mating-systems. ................................................................................................................................ 33
Soorten mating systemen ............................................................................................................. 33
Broedzorg ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Centainly of paternity. ................................................................................................................... 33
Manieren van bevruchting ............................................................................................................ 33
Ecologische factoren ..................................................................................................................... 33
Selectie op gedragseigenschappen ................................................................................................... 33
Fenotypische plasticiteit ................................................................................................................ 34
Predator induced morphological defences (PIMDs) ..................................................................... 34
Epigenetica ........................................................................................................................................ 34
Hoorcollege 7: Biodiversiteit en soortenrijkdom .................................................................................. 35
Meten van biodiversiteit ................................................................................................................... 35
Diversiteits index: Shannon-Weaver index of diversity (H)........................................................... 35
Rank-abundance diagram.............................................................................................................. 36
Kennis van Biodiversiteit in Nederland ......................................................................................... 36
Niche concept ................................................................................................................................ 36
Eiland theorie .................................................................................................................................... 37
Berust op twee eigenschappen: .................................................................................................... 37
Hoe groter een eiland.................................................................................................................... 37
Geisoleerdheid van eilanden, evolutie en soortenrijkdom ........................................................... 37
Opbouw soortenrijkdom ................................................................................................................... 37
Uiteindelijke soortenrijkdom ook beïnvloed door: ........................................................................... 37
Productiviteit ................................................................................................................................. 38
Concurrentie .................................................................................................................................. 38
Predatie-intensiteit en soortenrijkdom ......................................................................................... 38
Temporele variatie (klimaat/seizoenen/dagelijkse en verstoring) ............................................... 38
Meer gradiënten van soortenrijkdom ........................................................................................... 38
Belang biodiversiteit .......................................................................................................................... 38
Verschil biodiversiteit en soortenrijkdom ..................................................................................... 38
Verlies biodiversiteit...................................................................................................................... 39
MSA = Mean species abundance ................................................................................................... 39
4
