Curriculum Studies 2023 with verified questions and answers

Scientism Scientism Unlike the use of the scientific method as only one mode of reaching knowledge, scientism claims that science alone can render truth about the world and reality. Scientism's single-minded adherence to only the empirical, or testable, makes it a strictly scientifc worldview, in much the same way that a Protestant fundamentalism that rejects science can be seen as a strictly religious worldview. Scientism sees it necessary to do away with most, if not all, metaphysical, philosophical, and religious claims, as the truths they proclaim cannot be apprehended by the scientific method. In essence, scientism sees science as the absolute and only justifiable access to the truth. Franklin Bobbitt Professor of educational administration at the University of Chicago, Franklin Bobbitt played a leading role during the first three decades of the twentieth century in establishing curriculum as a field of specialization within the discipline of education. Bobbitt is best known for two books, The Curriculum (1918) and How to Make a Curriculum (1924). In these volumes and in his other writings, he developed a theory of curriculum development borrowed from the principles of scientific management, which the engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor had articulated earlier in the century in his efforts to render American industry more efficient. Discourse According to Émile Benveniste , 'discourse' is language in so far as it can be interpreted with reference to the speaker, to his or her spatio-temporal location, or to other such variables that serve to specify the localized context of utterance. The study of discourse thus includes the personal pronouns (especially 'I' and 'you'), deictics of place ('here', 'there', etc.), and temporal markers ('now', 'today', 'last week'), in the absence of which the speech-act in question would lack determinate sense. More often, 'discourse' signifies any piece of language longer (or more complex) than the individual sentence. Discourse analysis therefore operates at the supra-grammatical level where sentences can be shown to hang together through relationships of entailment, presupposition, contextual implicature, argumentative coherence, real-world and speaker-related knowledge, etc. In philosophical terms it is of interest chiefly to thinkers in the field of logico-semantic analysis, as well as those who adopt (after Quine ) a more holistic view of the issues that arise for any theory of meaning—or 'radical translation'—allowing for the fact of ontological relativity, or the existence of widely varying conceptual schemes. Prof. Christopher Norris How to cite this entry: Prof. Christopher Norris "discourse" The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. John Carroll University. 15 February 2010